scholarly journals Museum Photo Archives and the History of the Art Market: A Digital Approach

Arts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Lukas Fuchsgruber
Keyword(s):  
Digital Images ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Art Market ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Historical Reconstruction ◽  
Economic Practices ◽  
History Of ◽  
Digital Methods ◽  
Unique Potential

Digital images with metadata contain unique potential for research into the history of the art market. The embedding of digital images in a database allows for the possibility of an association with their historical context due to the presence of metadata, which includes economic data, such as the provenance chain, as well as information about collecting practices. The database becomes a historical reconstruction of context accompanying the reproductions of the works. In this paper, a case study of a museum photo archive of forgeries illustrates the ways in which digital methods can be helpful in analyzing these contexts. The archive was run by the secret “Verband von Museums-Beamten zur Abwehr von Fälschungen und unlauterem Geschäftsgebahren” (Association of Museum Officials for Defense against Fakes and Improper Business Practices). This archive allows the engagement of early 20th century museums in the art market to be traced within specific genres. The goal of the case study and methodology presented here is to learn more about the economic practices of museums. Specifically, this paper reconsiders a study by Timothy Wilson on fake maiolica, with a new focus on the involvement of museums in the art market.

The Historical Context

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-30
Author(s):  
Fanny Bessard
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Near East ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
Arab Muslim ◽  
Economic Practices ◽  
Slow Expansion ◽  
History Of

The seventh to the eighth centuries witnessed the initially rapid Arab-Muslim conquests of the Near East and their subsequent slow expansion in North Africa, Spain, and Central Asia, leading to the rise of a unified Islamic caliphate from 661 to the early tenth century. Chapter 1 seeks to define the material and sociopolitical context of the early Islamic history of the Near East, which determined the development of urban economic life between 700 and 950 CE. While differing conditions of conquests in the Near East and Central Asia, respectively peaceful subjugation and brutal expansion, laid the foundation of region-specific economic practices, the assertion of caliphal authority as well as the development of agriculture and trade sowed the seeds of economic growth.

Afacerea artei. Piața de artă în Țările de Jos în sec. al XVII-lea

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 232-265
Author(s):  
Silvia Suciu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Art Market ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Auction Houses ◽  
Individual Perception ◽  
Rules And Principles ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church ◽  
Rules Of The Game

The art market is a system by which the artwork reaches the public - collectors, museums, public institutions. Thus, the artwork becomes “merchandise” and its journey begins in the artist’s workshop and ends by being shown to the public. During centuries, the art market has registered many changes, according to different factors, such as: political regimes, economical and social crises, artistic tastes of the collectors. Until the 16th century, the public of the artwork was the church, the royal families or the aristocracy; in time, the work of art gained a wider audience. At the beginning, the transactions on the art market were made between the artist-producer and the commissioner-buyer. The market evolved and between the artist and the commissioner have interfered other persons or institutions such as the merchant, the dealer, auction houses, galleries. There are collectors in the history of art that started from the idea of making their own collections, building up powerful empires that promote and sell artists and their works. Depending on centuries or historical moments, the “rules of the game” have changed, and the evolution of the art market has led to the evolution of collective and individual perception of the artwork. As the rules and principles of the actual art market begun in Netherlands, in 16th-17th centuries, this article intends to study the historical context that has led to the evolution of the art market.

Denny Regrade, 1893–2008

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-597
Author(s):  
Aaron Raymond
Keyword(s):  
Urban History ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Historical Gis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Source Materials ◽  
Over Time

Creating a historical narrative for a place has traditionally entailed consulting the source materials that have managed to survive over time, interpreting those records, and constructing a narrative for how that place came to be. Until recently historians have often viewed technology and its ability to contribute to this process with skepticism if not outright hostility. Contrary to this view, geographic information systems (GIS) can add to, and not detract from, the creation of a historical narrative for a specific place. Apart from the Great Fire of Seattle in 1889, the regrading and removal of Denny Hill (1898–1930) arguably represents the most iconic period in Seattle’s urban history. The Denny Regrade, the removal of a 245-foot hill that once buttressed Seattle’s downtown retail and commercial districts, remains prominent in the historical consciousness of Seattle, as it represents a period of intense and dramatic change. GIS, and in particular historical GIS, offers the opportunity to more deeply explore and re-create the history of the Denny Regrade due to its inherent ability to spatially integrate, visualize, and analyze information. Using the Denny Regrade as a case study, this article examines the application of historical GIS to a topic in urban history across an extended temporal scale (1893–2008). Three main areas are discussed. The historical context of the Denny Regrade is explored; components of the historical GIS developed for the study are examined; and examples of geovisualizations and new historical data and information are presented.

scholarly journals Epigenetic inheritance and evolution: a historian's perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1826) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Loison
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Genetic Assimilation ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Reconstruction ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Baldwin Effect ◽  
Genetic Inheritance ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Baldwin Effect

The aim of this article is to put the growing interest in epigenetics in the field of evolutionary theory into a historical context. First, I assess the view that epigenetic inheritance could be seen as vindicating a revival of (neo)Lamarckism. Drawing on Jablonka's and Lamb's considerable output, I identify several differences between modern epigenetics and what Lamarckism was in the history of science. Even if Lamarckism is not back, epigenetic inheritance might be appealing for evolutionary biologists because it could potentiate two neglected mechanisms: the Baldwin effect and genetic assimilation. Second, I go back to the first ideas about the Baldwin effect developed in the late nineteenth century to show that the efficiency of this mechanism was already linked with a form of non-genetic inheritance. The opposition to all forms of non-genetic inheritance that prevailed at the time of the rise of the Modern Synthesis helps to explain why the Baldwin effect was understood as an insignificant mechanism during the second half of the twentieth century. Based on this historical reconstruction, in §4, I examine what modern epigenetics can bring to the picture and under what conditions epigenetic inheritance might be seen as strengthening the causal relationship between adaptability and adaptation. Throughout I support the view that the Baldwin effect and genetic assimilation, even if they are quite close, should not be conflated, and that drawing a line between these concepts is helpful in order to better understand where epigenetic inheritance might endorse a new causal role.This article is part of the theme issue ‘How does epigenetics influence the course of evolution?’

scholarly journals Learning from the Past: Reflecting on the Maya-ICBG Controversy in the Classroom

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
Daniela Shebitz ◽  
Angela Oviedo
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Knowledge ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Pharmaceutical Research ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Student Perspective ◽  
Ethnobotanical Study ◽  
The Past ◽  
Prior Informed Consent ◽  
History Of

In the 1990s, the Maya-ICBG (International Cooperative Biodiversity Group) was one of the major bioprospecting projects in Chiapas, Mexico and was designed to incorporate traditional knowledge into pharmaceutical research. The researchers had hopes of benefiting Indigenous communities economically and technologically while conserving plants and traditional knowledge. Unfortunately, the project experienced local and international opposition who accused the project of exploiting Indigenous people and privatizing their knowledge. We present a teaching module in the form of an interrupted case study in which participants learn about the ethnobotanical study that shifted from one of promise to one of controversy. The history of the development of the case study over the past decade is told from both a faculty and a student perspective. The purpose of this perspective article and of our case study in general is to bring the conversation of ethics to the forefront of ethnobiology. Although the Maya-ICBG project was brought to a close in 2001, the case study is still relevant in both a historical context and as a means to discuss ethics and Prior Informed Consent.

scholarly journals The Writing of the History of Science from the Notion of Scientific Field

2020 ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Ivã Gurgel ◽  
Graciella Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Pierre Bourdieu ◽  
Scientific Field ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

Does science depend on its historical context? Does understanding science as a social construction demand us to abandon rationalist perspectives of knowledge? Based on these issues, this article aims to discuss epistemological questions concerning the problem of the historicity of sciences. In first part, we analyze how different philosophical systems conceptualize this problem and point out to tensions that emerge when one tries to reconcile a rationalist with a historicist perspective of knowledge. Then, we discuss the sociological epistemology of Pierre Bourdieu arguing that the field autonomy is a key concept to understand what the author denominates the “social conditions of the progress of reason”. Finally, we present criteria to delimit the most relevant contexts in a case study on the history of science.

scholarly journals The Measures of Modernity: The New Quantitative Metrics of Historical Change Over Time and Their Critical Interpretation

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 899-939
Author(s):  
Jo Guldi
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Conservative Party ◽  
Historical Change ◽  
Quantitative Metrics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Digital Methods ◽  
Critical Interpretation ◽  
Over Time

What can digital methods tell us about modernity? This article reviews a series of recent traditional and quantitative attempts to define ‘modernity’ in the nineteenth century. Mass digitization allows scholars to track modernity through counts of words per year, the study of discourses (through topic modelling), and relative statistical expression over time (through divergence measurement). The results of this work confirm recent scholarship in social history that demonstrates the rising importance of meat, other food and water to national policy, as well as understudied debates on the history of fisheries. It also demonstrates that different parties in parliament had different relationships to futurity. A case study compares Liberal and Conservative party relationships to past and future through an overview of particular speakers’ lexicons. As a survey of methods, this article’s conclusion is that digital methods can demonstrate not only shifting values, but also require us to think about different relationships to chronology and periodization of individuals and ideas embedded in the past.

Press Propaganda and Subaltern Agents of Pan-Islamic Networks in the Muslim Mediterranean World prior to World War I

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odile Moreau
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
World War I ◽  
North Africa ◽  
World War ◽  
Subaltern Studies ◽  
Resistance Movements ◽  
The Press ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
History Of

This chapter explores movement and circulation across the Mediterranean and seeks to contribute to a history of proto-nationalism in the Maghrib and the Middle East at a particular moment prior to World War I. The discussion is particularly concerned with the interface of two Mediterranean spaces: the Middle East (Egypt, Ottoman Empire) and North Africa (Morocco), where the latter is viewed as a case study where resistance movements sought external allies as a way of compensating for their internal weakness. Applying methods developed by Subaltern Studies, and linking macro-historical approaches, namely of a translocal movement in the Muslim Mediterranean, it explores how the Egypt-based society, al-Ittihad al-Maghribi, through its agent, Aref Taher, used the press as an instrument for political propaganda, promoting its Pan-Islamic programme and its goal of uniting North Africa.

Turning Aliens into Socialists

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-93
Author(s):  
Jessica Moberg
Keyword(s):  
Outer Space ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Swedish History ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Highly Evolved

Immediately after the Second World War Sweden was struck by a wave of sightings of strange flying objects. In some cases these mass sightings resulted in panic, particularly after authorities failed to identify them. Decades later, these phenomena were interpreted by two members of the Swedish UFO movement, Erland Sandqvist and Gösta Rehn, as alien spaceships, or UFOs. Rehn argued that ‘[t]here is nothing so dramatic in the Swedish history of UFOs as this invasion of alien fly-things’ (Rehn 1969: 50). In this article the interpretation of such sightings proposed by these authors, namely that we are visited by extraterrestrials from outer space, is approached from the perspective of myth theory. According to this mythical theme, not only are we are not alone in the universe, but also the history of humankind has been shaped by encounters with more highly-evolved alien beings. In their modern day form, these kinds of ideas about aliens and UFOs originated in the United States. The reasoning of Sandqvist and Rehn exemplifies the localization process that took place as members of the Swedish UFO movement began to produce their own narratives about aliens and UFOs. The question I will address is: in what ways do these stories change in new contexts? Texts produced by the Swedish UFO movement are analyzed as a case study of this process.

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