Rolul uneltelor în arhitectura țărănească de lemn

"The role of the tools in the wooden peasant architecture This paper refers at the role of tools in peasant wood architecture. The “Preliminary considerations” part is a review of the needed tools in processing agricultural products (sickle), primitive tools (ax, hammer and knife) and a tool offered by nature (stone). The extended part is reserved for presenting tools and their role in building houses. The working tools used in building mono-cellular houses (hoe, ax and knife), the tools needed in raising a house (ax, bard and knife) and the tools needed to build different roof types (ax, bard, steel blade two-handle knife and sawmill) are presented. The last part is aimed for types of hand saw and conclusions. Keywords: tool, architecture, wood, house, role "

Păstoritul de pe Valea Argeșului – coordonate spațiale

"Shepherding on Argeș Valley – spatial coordinates This paper presents the essential elements that define the spatial coordinate characteristic of shepherding which is practised in the sub-Carpathian villages on the Argeș Valley, following the documentary attestations of the villages, the genesis and evolution of the village boundaries, the evolution of land ownership and the right to use lands (in condominium or individually). Also within the spatial coordinate, there are researched the traditional ways in which the potential of the rural land fund is highlighted, as a result of its geomorphological, pedological, climatic qualities, etc., the study taking into consideration all the areal types with pastoral potential, not only those on the administrative territory of the villages, but also those in the mountain area destined for summer grazing. If for the presentation of origins, attestations, borderline fixation of the villages from the studied areal, documents, monographic studies and other categories of specialized works have been used, for the understanding of the manner of pastoral, individual and especially collective exploitation of the land fund by the village communities, of valorizing the fodder qualities of the different types of surfaces, it was necessary to carry out field research in the three targeted villages: Albeștii de Argeș, Corbeni and Arefu, all in the Argeș County. The visit of sheepfolds from Lespezi, Lipitoarea, Ciocanu, Podeanu, Oticu, in the alpine hollow of the Făgăraș Mountains, were necessary both for studying some elements related to the spatial coordinate (sheepfold location, daily travel routes, travel routes from the village hearth to the mountains, etc.) as well as for conducting interviews, based on an elaborate questionnaire, interviews generating unique and extremely useful information also for researching the other coordinates of the pastoral system practiced in the area. Keywords: shepherding, Argeș Valley, spatial coordinate, pastoral system, field research "

Povești despre strigoi

"Stories about ghosts/undeads The present text brings into discussion the supernatural beings that still haunt the collective mentality of the inhabitants of the land of Zarand. Ghosts, because it’s them we are talking about, are still part of the stories of the elderly who remember their encounters with them. Unwanted in the village world and blaming them for the various misfortunes facing the community, people have developed practices to help them identify these beings, but also to remove them. Thus, since the birth of certain children who have a malformation of the spine, it is believed that they are undead. Sometimes, during life, because of curses or pacts with the devil, people lose their souls, so that, after death, they do not find their peace and continue to come to haunt those who are alive. People told us about these meetings, presenting the practices by which undeads are removed: through witchcraft, with the help of priests or through divine intervention. People do not want these returns of dead people, even if they are their beloved ones. Once dead, man loses his human status, these returns disturbing the peace of the village, and can cause strong imbalances: disease, famine, death of people and animals. Only after these beings are defeated, the life of the villagers’ returns to normal, keeping only the memory of the events that disturbed the peace. Keywords: Undeads, supernatural beings, dead alive, witchcraft, pact with the devil "

Restaurarea unui antimis datat 1822

"Restoration of an antimension dated 1822 The antimension is a consecrated liturgical textile object, it is kept on an altar, and without it the Divine Liturgy cannot be celebrated. The antimension is made of a rectangular linen or silk cloth, decorated with the representation of the Entombment of Christ and of the four Evangelists, in various printing techniques. The restoration operations carried out include mechanical dry cleaning, removal of wax deposits, rehydration and regaining the original shape of the piece. Keywords: Antimension, restoration, cult objects, Romanian in the Cyrillic alphabet, Slavonic "

Șoprul și alte structuri pentru fân din Țara Maramureșului

"The hay barrack and other hay structures from the Land of Maramureș The hay barrack is a unique structure, consisting of four wooden poles which support a pyramidal roof, which can be raised or lowered, depending on the amount of hay sheltered from the weather. The Land of Maramureș (the northern half of the current Maramureș County), a quite well-known traditional life stronghold, can be considered ”the World’s hay capital”, a place where the hay culture is stronger than anywhere else and where the fields are filled up with ”classic” hay barracks (we estimate that there are probably 10-15,000 structures still left), with tens of thousands hay stacks, with thousands hay barracks with immovable roof and with countless drying hayracks of different types, so many that they change the look of the landscape. Moreover, there is the only place where the hay barracks are still used today exactly as in the Middle Ages (being filled regularly, manually, with traditionally harvested hay), and on a huge scale, not found elsewhere. With prehistoric origins, the most special structure, the hay barrack is considered to have its birthplace in the Netherlands, from where, since the 13th and 14th centuries, it spread over a large part of the continent, a territory bordered by Great Britain, France, Northern Italy, Croatia, Hungary, Northern Transylvania, Ukraine, Russia or Scandinavia. Today, everywhere, the unusual barrack has disappeared, except în Maramureș and the Netherlands - where there is the second largest group of preserved structures, but without being used anymore for storing hay. The study lists the main features of the construction, the villages where the hay barracks survive in more significant number, and it tries to find out the reason why this type of structure still persists so strongly in that region. At the end there are some old images from different places, as well as contemporary photographs taken in Maramureș, featuring various types of hay structures. Keywords: hay barrack, hay stack, hayrack, Maramureș, traditional farming "

Restaurarea unei picturi pe pânză de Aurél Náray (1883–1948)

"The restoration of a painted canvas by Aurél Náray (1883-1948) This study shows the restoration work made on the painted canvas of the Hungarian artist Aurél Náray (1883-1948), depicting an ecclesiastic subject (Saint Joseph with the infant Jesus). This oil painting comes from a private art collector and has the following dimensions: 42x57.5 cm, being sustained by a wooden stretcher. The painting is signed and dated by the artist himself on the lower left corner (“Aurél Náray 909”). The canvas is fixed on the underframe with metallic nails; as a result of the wood having dried, the frame shows slight distortions. The face of the painting displays small portions of missing white primer and/ or colour, erosions of the paint layer, two little punctures in the canvas, and a small area of distorted canvas placed toward the lower edge of the painting. Adherence of thin dirt can be observed on the surface of the painting while the back of the canvas bears heavy traces of dust and dirt, especially on its margins. The actual restoration process of the painted canvas referred to the following: drawing up the initial photograhic documentation, superficial dust cleaning on the back of the canvas, detachment of the painting from its old underframe and the building of a new and proper wooden stretcher. After the plainness of the painting was restored and the two small pricked points on the canvas were consolidated (with the use of Beva 371 adhesive), a strip lining on the margins of the canvas was carried out, in order to be able to fix the canvas on the new underframe. Cleaning of the surface came next, followed by the filling of the missing primer layer with putty. The chromatic integration of the painting was accomplished (after having sealed the original paint with a thin layer of intermediary varnish) with the use of low oil content colours and the final protection of a second satin varnish layer. Keywords: painted canvas, restoration, stretcher, strip lining, varnish "

Familia Șorban/Șerban, în secolele XIV–XVII. Schiță genealogică

"Șorban/Șerban Family in the 14th-17th centuries. Genealogical sketch This article aims to reconstruct the historical route of a lower nobility family, from the first appearance in history to the beginning of the modern era. It is the Sorban/Serban family, with two branches, in the north-western part of Transylvania (in the broader sense), respectively in the south-west part of it, having a common root, in the world of the Maramures knezes, continued by a common strain, among the petty nobility of Chioar. The objective is to contribute to a better knowledge of the lower nobility in the western provinces of present-day Romania, on the background that the nobility of these parts is not yet sufficiently represented in the Romanian historiography. The oldest members of the family can be identified in the first half of the 14th century, as knezes Stan Albu and Locovoy of Cosău. At the beginning of the next century, the knezial family individualized in several branches, including the Sorba of Călineşti. In the 16th century, a member of this family crossed into Chioar District, and his three sons received a diploma of ennoblement in 1609, for services to Prince Gabriel Báthory. During the 17th century, the Sorba(n) family appears in several conscriptions of the Chioar, divided into two branches. At the beginning of the 18th century, a Şorban emigrated to the Mureş Plain, near Arad. There will emerge a strong branch of the family, which changes its name to Şerban and sticks to the Greek Orthodox Church, while the other one keeps its name, but shifts to the Greek Catholic Church. Both branches contribute in the 19th and 20th centuries to the intellectual and political elite of Romanians. Descendants of both branches are now well-known people in the cultural field. Keywords: Romanian-nobility, genealogy, Șorban, Șerban, Locovoy "

Netnografia

"Netnography Netnography deals with ethnographic type of research on internet. Although the history of the field dates back to 1980, when the first networks where created, in the romanian ethnographic specialized literature there is not yet a proper approach neither in the academic sphere nor at the level of university education. This paper aims to briefly present this scientific area, emphasizing its development and main features. Adjusting research methods of classical ethnography in virtual space involves a series of epistemological expansions, expressed by broadening the meaning of specific notions such as space, place, border, enculturation, tradition, cultural group and others. At the same time, it is necessary to discuss some ethical aspects generated by the type of interaction of the researcher with the subject and between the individuals of a cultural group. Intermediation of technology can limit access to the individual's real feelings, beliefs, behaviors, or reasoning. The screen of the device becomes a mask that the user manipulates according to current interests or according to his own projections. The problem of these masks is also present in classical ethnographic research, but in this case it deepens and acquires new valences. Nevertheless, study of netnography involves a number of valuable applications such as marketing or sociology and, especially, the understanding of man in the modern context, whose dynamics are specific and determined by the world of the internet. Keywords: netnography, the history of netnography, epistemological expansions, deontological aspects, applications "

Identitatea rromilor. Patrimoniul cultural material și imaterial al etniei rrome

"The material and immaterial cultural patrimony of Rroma ethnicity This study aims to address a series of cultural values representative of the Rroma from the perspective of traditional trades, inherited or practiced and which define their ethnic identity. It is too unlikely to know exactly who and what the Rroma were due to the lack of sources and moreover, written studies about this ethnic group were based more on elements related to folklore or legends. Starting from the premise that, from a historical and conceptual point of view, the Rroma people have not yet defined themselves as identity anymore, for a long time the monopoly on the definition of Rroma belonged to the majority, the study aims to illustrate those cultural elements in within the community that were and are still in the contemporary period a landmark of unconditional self-definition of the Rroma. The indicators to which we refer as individuals in those situations in which we are exposed to name and qualify a group, are not only those of certified historical nature through writings, they are also established in the context of how the group expresses its material cultural heritage and immaterial that it represents. Although this concept promotes the need to know the identity of groups, the Rroma ethnic group has difficulties in terms of the identity culture displayed and the way it is perceived by society. The Rroma minority, indeed, encounters difficulties from a socio-economic point of view, the vast majority of society referring to this deficit in the situations of labeling and defining the Rroma identity. However, the Rroma ethnicity can also be defined on the basis of specific values attested by ethnicity, cultural values such as trades, crafts and customs, dress, spoken language and human values such as unity, solidarity, trust and faith. Thus, the study itself aims to illustrate those unknown or less known elements about the Rroma, exposing those cultural-traditional values that have the role of defining the identity of the Rroma not according to the socio-educational level (misery, poverty, deprived people of scruples, minority, etc.) but depending on the way in which the Rroma, both at individual and group level, relate to values of heritage elements when they define themselves. (trades practiced, Rroma peoples, elements specific to Rroma peoples) The aim of the study will most likely generate results in terms of reducing unfounded perceptions about Rroma tradition and identity and at the same time combating prejudices against this ethnic minority. Keywords: culture, Rroma, Rroma nations, identity, craftsmen "

Informații din Arhiva Muzeului Etnografic al Transilvaniei referitoare la așezări și case

"Information captured in the documents kept in the archive of the Transylvanian Museum of Ethnography regarding the settlements and houses There are presented some aspects regarding the settlements and houses captured in the documents kept in the archive of the Transylvanian Museum of Ethnography, insisting on geographical position, toponymy, number and occupation of inhabitants, building materials, housing, furniture, cooking and heating appliances, and customs. Keywords: settlements, farmstead, house, roof, customs "