scholarly journals Evaluation of Tire Wear Contribution to PM2.5 in Urban Environments

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Panko ◽  
Kristen Hitchcock ◽  
Gary Fuller ◽  
David Green
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Road Dust ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Vehicle Traffic ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Tire Wear

Vehicle-related particulate matter (PM) emissions may arise from both exhaust and non-exhaust mechanisms, such as brake wear, tire wear, and road pavement abrasion, each of which may be emitted directly and indirectly through resuspension of settled road dust. Several researchers have indicated that the proportion of PM2.5 attributable to vehicle traffic will increasingly come from non-exhaust sources. Currently, very little empirical data is available to characterize tire and road wear particles (TRWP) in the PM2.5 fraction. As such, this study was undertaken to quantify TRWP in PM2.5 at roadside locations in urban centers including London, Tokyo and Los Angeles, where vehicle traffic is an important contributor to ambient air PM. The samples were analyzed using validated chemical markers for tire tread polymer based on a pyrolysis technique. Results indicated that TRWP concentrations in the PM2.5 fraction were low, with averages ranging from < 0.004 to 0.10 µg/m3, representing an average contribution to total PM2.5 of 0.27%. The TRWP levels in PM2.5 were significantly different between the three cities, with significant differences between London and Los Angeles and Tokyo and Los Angeles. There was no significant correlation between TRWP in PM2.5 and traffic count. This study provides an initial dataset to understand potential human exposure to airborne TRWP and the potential contribution of this non-exhaust emission source to total PM2.5.

scholarly journals The impact of measures to reduce ambient air PM<sub>10</sub> concentrations originating from road dust, evaluated for a street canyon in Helsinki

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (17) ◽  
pp. 11199-11212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Stojiljkovic ◽  
Mari Kauhaniemi ◽  
Jaakko Kukkonen ◽  
Kaarle Kupiainen ◽  
Ari Karppinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Street Canyon ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Road Dust ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Air Quality Measurements ◽  
Emission Models ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Quality Measurements

Abstract. We have numerically evaluated how effective selected potential measures would be for reducing the impact of road dust on ambient air particulate matter (PM10). The selected measures included a reduction of the use of studded tyres on light-duty vehicles and a reduction of the use of salt or sand for traction control. We have evaluated these measures for a street canyon located in central Helsinki for four years (2007–2009 and 2014). Air quality measurements were conducted in the street canyon for two years, 2009 and 2014. Two road dust emission models, NORTRIP (NOn-exhaust Road TRaffic Induced Particle emissions) and FORE (Forecasting Of Road dust Emissions), were applied in combination with the Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM), a street canyon dispersion model, to compute the street increments of PM10 (i.e. the fraction of PM10 concentration originating from traffic emissions at the street level) within the street canyon. The predicted concentrations were compared with the air quality measurements. Both road dust emission models reproduced the seasonal variability of the PM10 concentrations fairly well but under-predicted the annual mean values. It was found that the largest reductions of concentrations could potentially be achieved by reducing the fraction of vehicles that use studded tyres. For instance, a 30 % decrease in the number of vehicles using studded tyres would result in an average decrease in the non-exhaust street increment of PM10 from 10 % to 22 %, depending on the model used and the year considered. Modelled contributions of traction sand and salt to the annual mean non-exhaust street increment of PM10 ranged from 4 % to 20 % for the traction sand and from 0.1 % to 4 % for the traction salt. The results presented here can be used to support the development of optimal strategies for reducing high springtime particulate matter concentrations originating from road dust.

Characterization, identification of ambient air and road dust polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in central Taiwan, Taichung

2004 ◽  
Vol 327 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 135-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guor-Cheng Fang ◽  
Cheng-Nan Chang ◽  
Yuh-Shen Wu ◽  
Peter Pi-Cheng Fu ◽  
I-Lin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Road Dust ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Central Taiwan

scholarly journals Experimental investigation of vertical and horizontal reinforcement geotextiles in forest road pavement

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 296-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dini Morteza ◽  
Nikooy Mehrdad ◽  
Naskovets Michael Trofimovich ◽  
Ghomi Alireza
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Data Logging ◽  
Truck Traffic ◽  
Horizontal Structure ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
Vehicle Traffic ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Experimental Survey

In this research, the results of an experimental survey on the measurement of vertical stresses are presented. Four treatments were used in this study such as combination of geotextile vertical and horizontal structure with dimensions of 5 × 5 and 10 × 10 cm, horizontal geotextile and the treatment without geotextile. Five sensors were installed in different hole locations and the lead of the truck traffic was transmitted by cables to data logging and recording devices to measure the pressure from vehicle traffic on the simulated pavement layer. Mean comparison of the treatments showed that the geotextile with vertical and horizontal structure and dimensions of 5 × 5 cm exerted the lowest pressure on the lower layers compared with the other treatments and there was a significant difference between the value of this treatment and the other treatments and that this treatment could significantly reduce the pressure of truck traffic on the forest road.

Air of the Anthropocene

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Pope ◽  
Robin Price
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Transformational Change ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Expert Advice ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Anthropogenic Contamination ◽  
Science Collaboration

&lt;p&gt;Anthropogenic contamination of the atmosphere is causing both climate change and air pollution, which respectively represent the greatest long term and short term environmental risks to human and planetary health. The contamination is largely invisible and hence difficult to contextualise for non-expert audiences. This can lead to the problem being ignored; or where it is acknowledged, leading to feelings of helplessness and a lack of agency.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This project uses digital light painting to visualise and explore responses to particulate matter (PM) air pollution, in a variety of global locations, as a method for both public engagement and campaign work. This photographic technique combines long exposure with light sources digitally controlled by sensors, it builds upon the prior work of electronic pioneer Steve Mann (e.g. Mann et al. 2019) and more recent work visualising wifi strength (Arnall et al. 2013).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The five year art-science collaboration between Price and Pope has been highly successful. The Air of the Anthropocene project resulted in multiple gallery shows (including Los Angeles, Belfast and Birmingham). The media publicized it heavily, including Source Magazine, New Scientist and the Guardian. The physical art works were acquired by the Arts Council of Northern Ireland&amp;#8217;s public collection.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this presentation, we will highlight the scientific and aesthetic underpinnings of the use of low cost air pollution sensors for data visualisation through light painting. Locations for visualizations were guided by expert advice from environmental scientists in global locations, including those in Europe, Africa, Asia and South America. In this sense the science informed the art. Also, since the code from the project ended being used by scientists, the art informed the science (e.g. Crilley et al. 2018).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We will highlight the efficacy of this image making approach as an engagement and advocacy tool, through case studies of its use in field campaigns in Ethiopia (2020) and Kampala (2018), investigating both indoor and outdoor air pollution.&amp;#160; Future possibilities of the approach to air pollution visualization will be discussed. This will include expanding the approach through open sourcing the project and its adaptation beyond lens based techniques into augmented reality camera phone use.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The projected next phase of the collaboration will work towards empowering interested citizens of the world to make their own creative, aesthetic representations of their environment and use these images as citizen activists to affect transformational change in their own localities. Through adopting open source methodologies it is hoped that sustainability beyond the timescale and budget of the initial project with lasting legacy will be achieved.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Arnall et al, 2013. Immaterials: light painting WiFi. Significance, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2013.00683.x&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Crilley et al, 2018. Evaluation of a low-cost optical particle counter (Alphasense OPC-N2) for ambient air monitoring. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-709-2018&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mann et al 2019, June. Making Sensors Tangible with Long-exposure Photography. In The 5th ACM Workshop on Wearable Systems and Applications. https://doi.org/10.1145/3325424.3329668&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals The Effect of the Covid-19 Lockdown on Air Quality in Three Italian Medium-Sized Cities

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Donzelli ◽  
Lorenzo Cioni ◽  
Mariagrazia Cancellieri ◽  
Agustin Llopis Morales ◽  
Maria Morales Suárez-Varela
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Vehicular Traffic ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Italian Government ◽  
The Impact

Despite the societal and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, the lockdown measures put in place by the Italian government provided an unprecedented opportunity to increase our knowledge of the effect transportation and industry-related emissions have on the air quality in our cities. This study assessed the effect of reduced emissions during the lockdown period, due to COVID-19, on air quality in three Italian cities, Florence, Pisa, and Lucca. For this study, we compared the concentration of particulate matter PM10, PM2.5, NO2, and O3 measured during the lockdown period, with values obtained in the same period of 2019. Our results show no evidence of a direct relationship between the lockdown measures implemented and PM reduction in urban centers, except in areas with heavy traffic. Consistent with recently published studies, we did, however, observe a significant decrease in NO2 concentrations among all the air-monitoring stations for each city in this study. Finally, O3 levels remained unchanged during the lockdown period. Of note, there were slight variations in the meteorological conditions for the same periods of different years. Our results suggest a need for further studies on the impact of vehicular traffic and industrial activities on PM air pollution, including adopting holistic source-control measures for improved air quality in urban environments.

scholarly journals Binge Drinking among Economically Disadvantaged African American Older Adults with Diabetes

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
James L. Smith ◽  
Mohammed Saqib ◽  
Mohsen Bazargan
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Binge Drinking ◽  
Economically Disadvantaged ◽  
Living Arrangement ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Health Determinants ◽  
African American Older Adults

Purpose. This study investigated the effect of demographic, socioeconomic, and psychological factors as well as the role of health determinants on alcohol consumption and binge drinking among economically disadvantaged African American older adults with type 2 diabetes mellites (T2DM). Methods. This survey recruited 231 African Americans who were older adults (age 65+ years) and had T2DM. Participants were selected from economically disadvantaged areas of South Los Angeles. A structured face-to-face interview was conducted to collect data on demographic factors, objective and subjective socioeconomic status (SES) including education and financial difficulty, living arrangement, marital status, health, and drinking behaviors (drinking and binge drinking). Results. Age, gender, living alone, pain, comorbid conditions, and smoking were associated with drinking/binge drinking. Male gender, pain, and being a smoker were associated with higher odds of drinking/binge drinking, while individuals with more comorbid medical conditions had lower odds of binge drinking. Conclusion. In economically constrained urban environments, gender, pain, and smoking but not age, SES, depression, and health may predict binge drinking for African American older adults with T2DM. African Americans older adult men with T2DM with comorbid pain should be screened for binge drinking.

scholarly journals Ambient Air Pollution and Autism in Los Angeles County, California

2013 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy Ann Becerra ◽  
Michelle Wilhelm ◽  
Jørn Olsen ◽  
Myles Cockburn ◽  
Beate Ritz
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Los Angeles County ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution

Using the Aerodyne Mobile Laboratory to characterize industrial emissions in Southern California

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conner Daube ◽  
Christoph Dyroff ◽  
Edward Fortner ◽  
Jordan Krechmer ◽  
Francesca Majluf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Mobile Laboratory ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Regional Trends

&lt;p&gt;During late 2019, the Aerodyne Mobile Laboratory sampled numerous industrial areas primarily in the County of Los Angeles, California, USA. Commercial and laboratory-grade instruments were used to analyze the gaseous and particulate composition of ambient air samples while operating in mobile and stationary modes. Measurements of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, and N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O were collected in addition to several specific hazardous air pollutants. Short-lived plumes from a wide variety of industries and broader regional trends were observed. Multi-day measurements at identified sources and overnight sampling added depth and context to these findings. Results from this characterization of industrial emission sources, including analysis of both greenhouse gases and pollutants in the urban environment, will be presented.&lt;/p&gt;

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