scholarly journals Global Air Quality: An Inter-Disciplinary Approach to Exposure Assessment for Burden of Disease Analyses

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Gavin Shaddick ◽  
James M. Salter ◽  
Vincent-Henri Peuch ◽  
Guilia Ruggeri ◽  
Matthew L. Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Integration Model ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Health Organization

Global assessments of air quality and health require comprehensive estimates of the exposures to air pollution that are experienced by populations in every country. However, there are many countries in which measurements from ground-based monitoring are sparse or non-existent, with quality-control and representativeness providing additional challenges. While ground-based monitoring provides a far from complete picture of global air quality, there are other sources of information that provide comprehensive coverage across the globe. The World Health Organization developed the Data Integration Model for Air Quality (DIMAQ) to combine information from ground measurements with that from other sources, such as atmospheric chemical transport models and estimates from remote sensing satellites in order to produce the information that is required for health burden assessment and the calculation of air pollution-related Sustainable Development Goals indicators. Here, we show an example of the use of DIMAQ with the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service Re-Analysis (CAMSRA) of atmospheric composition, which represents the best practices in meteorology and climate monitoring that were developed under the World Meteorological Organization’s Global Atmosphere Watch programme. Estimates of PM2.5 from CAMSRA are integrated within the DIMAQ framework in order to produce high-resolution estimates of air pollution exposure that can be aggregated in a coherent fashion to produce country-level assessments of exposures.

scholarly journals Issuances of Automotive Vehicles and the Impacts on Air Quality in the Largest City in the Brazilian Amazon

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Cartaxo ◽  
Ilsa Valois ◽  
Vladimiro Miranda ◽  
Marcia Costa
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

Manaus, a city of more than two million people, suffers problems arising from strong sunlight and aggravated by several factors, such as traffic congestion and greenhouse gas emissions generated by evaporation and burning of fuel. The present study examined Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) emissions in an urban area of the city using different methodologies. CO and NO2 were measured using automated and passive analyzers, respectively. Meanwhile, direct monitoring of these pollutants was performed in vehicular sources in the vicinity of sampling locations. Results showed that levels of carbon monoxide vary over time, being higher during peak movement of vehicles. NO2 values have exceeded the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO), and monitoring at source showed high levels of CO and NO2 emissions to the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Counterfeit drugs as a global threat to health

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 285-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Golocorbin-Kon ◽  
Momir Mikov
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Counterfeit Drugs ◽  
Counterfeit Medicines ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
Many Sources

According to the World Health Organization, counterfeit medicines are medicines that are mislabeled deliberately and fraudulently regarding their identity and/or source. All kinds of medicines have been counterfeited, both branded and generic ones. Counterfeit medicines may include products containing correct or wrong ingredients; without active or with insufficiently or over-active ingredients, or with fake packaging. Many sources of information have been explored, including reports from the national medicine regulatory authorities, pharmaceutical companies and literature data. Since the time counterfeit drugs first appeared, they have become more sophisticated and more difficult to be detected. The World Health Organization estimate is that up to 1% of medicines available in the developed world are likely to be counterfeit. This figure rises to 10% globally, although in some developing countries it is 50%. The World Health Organization estimate is that 50% of medicines available via the internet are counterfeit. The knowledge about counterfeit drugs should be used to educate students of pharmacy and medicine, health professionals and patients. The most important players in campaign against counterfeit medicines are health professionals. Pharmacists and doctors should stay vigilant and report suspicious products, and consider counterfeits as a possible cause of adverse reactions or therapeutic failure. Patients should inform their pharmacists and doctors if they suspect any irregularity concerning their medication, if they experience side effects or a decrease in beneficial effect. The crucial step in the prevention of counterfeit medicines is to get supplied from reliable sources, i.e. licensed pharmacies.

scholarly journals A review of the prevalence and factors responsible for mal-nutrition in Pakistan

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Hafsa Hina ◽  
Saima Khanum ◽  
Muhammad Hanif
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Childhood Malnutrition ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The World ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Height For Age

Problems occupying special attention identified by the World Health Organization also include Childhood malnutrition (Beagle hole et al., 1993). Development goals are also program by the United Nations to halve the problem of under nutrition (Alderman et al., 2005). Despite of the involvement of international organizations still under nutrition has a main contribution to the high mortality rate of the children in the most part of the world (Caulfield et al., 2004). Poverty plays a main part in the high prevalence of childhood under nutrition. The child is said to be under-weight when its weight is lower than the weight of the reference rage for that age. The weight for height deficiency is known as wasting, while height for age deficiency as stunting. Wasting may be due to acute food shortage while prolonged food deprivation can cause stunting (Cosminsky et al., 1993; de Onis et al., 2000; Fernandez et al., 2002; and Zere & McIntyre, 2003). The factors responsible for the predisposition of children to mal nutrition vary and ranges from political instability to the economical status of the area (de Onis et al., 2000). Therefore protocols developed for the preventive measures of mal-nutrition should be multifaceted. 

scholarly journals Risk Assessment for the Population of Kyiv, Ukraine as a Result of Atmospheric Air Pollution

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (25) ◽  
pp. 200303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Popov ◽  
Andrii Iatsyshyn ◽  
Valeriia Kovach ◽  
Volodymyr Artemchuk ◽  
Iryna Kameneva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
World Health ◽  
State Monitoring ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Map Design ◽  
Financial Interests ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Human Health Effects

Background. According to the World Health Organization, 92% of the world's population lives in places where air quality levels exceed recommended limits. Recently, Ukraine had the most deaths per every 100,000 people (out of 120 countries) attributed to atmospheric air pollution. High levels of atmospheric air pollution have been observed not only in typically industrial regions, but in Ukraine's capital, Kyiv, as well. Objectives. The aim of the present study was to establish the state of air pollution in Kyiv and perform a risk assessment of associated human health effects. Methods. Using official statistics and state monitoring data, the study aimed to identify and analyze risks to the health of Kyiv's population associated with air pollution. The following methods were used: systematic, functional and comparative analysis, risk theory, mathematical modeling, probability theory and mathematical statistics, as well as geographic information system technologies for digital map design and objective-oriented methodology for software design systems. Results. The risk values across different areas of the city varied significantly, indicating that atmospheric air quality remains unstable. Areas with the highest and lowest risk values were identified. Conclusions. The environmental state of atmospheric air in Kyiv requires greater attention and additional research to identify the causes of air pollution, along with implementation of measures to improve air quality. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

scholarly journals Indoor Air Quality, Information, and Socioeconomic Status: Evidence from Delhi

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 420-424
Author(s):  
Michael Greenstone ◽  
Kenneth Lee ◽  
Harshil Sahai
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Indoor Air Pollution ◽  
World Health ◽  
Quality Information ◽  
Air Purifier ◽  
Health Organization

In Delhi, one of the world's most polluted cities, there is relatively little information on indoor air pollution and how it varies by socioeconomic status (SES). Using indoor air quality monitors (IAQMs), we find that winter levels of household air pollution exceed World Health Organization standards by more than 20 times in both high-and low-SES households. We then evaluate a field experiment that randomly assigned monthlong IAQM user trials across medium-and high-SES households but suffered from significant survey non-response. Among respondents, IAQMs did not affect take-up of subsidized air purifier rentals or other defensive behavior.

scholarly journals Together the voice of nurses worldwide

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
Annette Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources For Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Effective Care ◽  
The World ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Voice ◽  
System Effectiveness ◽  
Significant Shortage

The world is in a critical period of time in relation to human resources for health. One of the most significant obstacles for achieving health system effectiveness is the availability of a skilled health workforce, particularly nurses. The World Health Organization estimates that there is a significant shortage of nurses all over the world. Nurses are the main professional component of the ‘front line’ staff in the majority of health systems and their contribution is recognised as essential to meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and delivering safe, accessible and effective care. A shortage in the nursing workforce will lead to a failure to maintain or improve health care (Buchan & Aiken, 2008).

Towards Remote Sensing Datasets Collection and Processing

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Badreddine Boudriki Semlali ◽  
El Amrani Chaker
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Polar Orbit ◽  
Industrial Activities ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

The world is witnessing important increases in industrial, transport and agriculture activities. This leads to economic growth, but, on the other hand, causes substantial damage in urban air, due to emissions of harmful gases, mainly CO, SO2, NO2 and the Particular Matter (PM). The World Health Organization (WHO) confirms that daily exposure to pollutants causes approximately three million deaths. It is therefore necessary to assess continuously the air quality. In this context, a Java-based application was developed to acquire data from EUMETSAT geostationary and Polar Orbit satellites, through the Mediterranean Dialogue Earth Observatory (MDEO) terrestrial station. This application filters, subsets, processes and visualizes products covering Morocco zone. Significant correlations were found between emissions and industrial activities related to power thermal plants, factories, transportation and ports.

scholarly journals Barriers to and Opportunities for Light-Duty Vehicle Electrification in India: Insights From a Survey of Experts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubal Dua ◽  
Scott Hardman ◽  
Yagyavalk Bhatt ◽  
Dimpy Suneja
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vehicular Pollution ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
The Third ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
The World ◽  
Light Duty Vehicle ◽  
Health Organization

According to the World Health Organization, India has the world’s worst air quality. Among other factors, vehicular pollution from the increasing stock of passenger vehicles has contributed to India’s deteriorating air quality. This increasing stock is also a factor in India becoming the third-highest oil-consuming and greenhouse gas (GHG)-emitting country worldwide.

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