scholarly journals Transport Characteristics of the Electrification and Lightening of the Gas Mixture Representing the Atmospheres of the Solar System Planets

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 438
Author(s):  
Marija Radmilović-Radjenović ◽  
Martin Sabo ◽  
Branislav Radjenović
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Breakdown Voltage ◽  
Scaling Law ◽  
Planetary Atmospheres ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Transport Parameters ◽  
Outer Planets ◽  
Ionization Coefficients ◽  
Energy Distribution Functions

Electrification represents a fundamental process in planetary atmospheres, widespread in the Solar System. The atmospheres of the terrestrial planets (Venus, Earth, and Mars) range from thin to thick are rich in heavier gases and gaseous compounds, such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, sodium, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide. The Jovian planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) have thick atmospheres mainly composed of hydrogen and helium involving. The electrical discharge processes occur in the planetary atmospheres leading to potential hazards due to arcing on landers and rovers. Lightning does not only affect the atmospheric chemical composition but also has been involved in the origin of life in the terrestrial atmosphere. This paper is dealing with the transport parameters and the breakdown voltage curves of the gas compositions representing atmospheres of the planets of the Solar System. Ionization coefficients, electron energy distribution functions, and the mean energy of the atmospheric gas mixtures have been calculated by BOLSIG+. Transport parameters of the carbon dioxide rich atmospheric compositions are similar but differ from those of the Earth’s atmosphere. Small differences between parameters of the Solar System's outer planets can be explained by a small abundance of their constituent gases as compared to the abundance of hydrogen. Based on the fit of the reduced effective ionization coefficient, the breakdown voltage curves for atmospheric mixtures have been plotted. It was found that the breakdown voltage curves corresponding to the atmospheres of Solar System planets follow the standard scaling law. Results of calculations satisfactorily agree with the available data from the literature. The minimal and the maximal value of the voltage required to trigger electric breakdown is obtained for the Martian and Jupiter atmospheres, respectively.

Earth's thermospheric evolution and implications for planetary habitability

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Solar Wind ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Planetary Atmospheres ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Earth ◽  
First Time ◽  
Planetary Habitability

<p>During the Archean eon from 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago, the Earth's upper atmosphere and interactions with the magnetosphere and the solar wind were likely significantly different to how it is today due to major differences in the chemical composition of the atmosphere and the younger Sun being signifcantly more active. Understanding these factors is important for understanding the evolution of planetary atmospheres within our solar system and beyond. While the higher activity of the Sun would have caused additional heating and expansion of the atmosphere, geochemical measurements show that carbon dioxide was far more abundant during this time and this would have led to significantly thermospheric cooling which would have protected the atmosphere from losses to space. I will present a study of the effects of the carbon dioxide composition and the Sun's activity evolution on the thermosphere and ionosphere of the Archean Earth, studying for the first time the effects of different scenarios for the Sun's activity evolution. I will show the importance of these factors for the exosphere and escape processes of the Earth and terrestrial planets outside our solar system.</p>

scholarly journals Theory of Origin of Water in the Solar System

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Mammadov Sabir Ahmedovich
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Heat Radiation ◽  
Outer Planets ◽  
Living Organisms

The created cosmogonic theory provides objective solutions to the problems of cosmogony - the origin of the solar system and the mechanism of the emergence of the Earth’s atmosphere and hydrosphere and four giant outer planets during the first stage, the formation of their structure by the reaction of methane and ammonia with oxygen. In the light of modern data from cosmochemistry, geochemistry, and also on the basis of fundamental theoretical research, a previously unknown new phenomenon was discovered that in the Earth’s cores and four giant outer planets there is a constant generation of organogenic chemical elements - hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen as a result of controlled thermonuclear synthesis from helium (inherited by the predecessor of the solar system - a giant star - about 8 billion years after the Big Bang, and this also proves the origin of the Solar system and the mechanism of planetary origin. The weak intensity of thermonuclear processes is a function of the mass of these planets. This is also evidenced by their heat radiation several times more than they receive it from the sun, as well as their high electromagnetic field and the speed of revolution around its axis and endogenous activity), which explains the mechanism of occurrence of methane, ammonia, carbon dioxide and water in their magma and atmosphere during their existence and at the present time, and which also proves the cause of dehydration planet Earth. The history of the origin of life on Earth, previously erased, has been restored - as a result of the occurrence of water in its primary atmosphere and in an acid-water environment with the ozone layer of the atmosphere and as a result of the chemical and biological evolution of amino acids and proteins (based on sequentially organogenic elements arising in its primary atmosphere - hydrogen carbon in the form of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, as well as methane and ammonia). It has been revealed that there is a constant cycle of water on the planet Earth, that is, on the one hand, there is its consumption for photosynthetic oxygen, on the other hand, it is generated from hydrogen and oxygen and from the reaction of methane and ammonia with oxygen, as well as in the respiration process of living organisms. This explains the mechanisms of the formation of natural phenomena of cyclones, typhoons, volcanoes and earthquakes during the geological history and at present.

scholarly journals Local structure and distortions of mixed methane-carbon dioxide hydrates

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette R. Cladek ◽  
S. Michelle Everett ◽  
Marshall T. McDonnell ◽  
Matthew G. Tucker ◽  
David J. Keffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Sequestration ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Mixed Gas ◽  
Pure Compounds ◽  
Dynamics Simulations ◽  
Pair Distribution Functions ◽  
Methane Carbon

AbstractA vast source of methane is found in gas hydrate deposits, which form naturally dispersed throughout ocean sediments and arctic permafrost. Methane may be obtained from hydrates by exchange with hydrocarbon byproduct carbon dioxide. It is imperative for the development of safe methane extraction and carbon dioxide sequestration to understand how methane and carbon dioxide co-occupy the same hydrate structure. Pair distribution functions (PDFs) provide atomic-scale structural insight into intermolecular interactions in methane and carbon dioxide hydrates. We present experimental neutron PDFs of methane, carbon dioxide and mixed methane-carbon dioxide hydrates at 10 K analyzed with complementing classical molecular dynamics simulations and Reverse Monte Carlo fitting. Mixed hydrate, which forms during the exchange process, is more locally disordered than methane or carbon dioxide hydrates. The behavior of mixed gas species cannot be interpolated from properties of pure compounds, and PDF measurements provide important understanding of how the guest composition impacts overall order in the hydrate structure.

Electron Energy Distribution Functions of Hydrogen: The Effect of Superelastic Vibrational Collisions and of the Dissociation Process

1979 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 585-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Capitelli ◽  
M. Dilonardo
Keyword(s):  
Boltzmann Equation ◽  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Electron Energy ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Electron Energy Distribution ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Dissociation Process ◽  
Excitation Rate ◽  
The Boltzmann Equation ◽  
Energy Distribution Functions

Abstract Electron energy distribution functions (EDF) of molecular H2 have been calculated by numerically solving the Boltzmann equation including all the inelastic processes with the addition of superelastic vibrational collisions and of the hydrogen atoms coming from the dissociation process. The population densities of the vibrational levels have been obtained both by assuming a Boltz-mann population at a vibrational temperature different from the translational one and by solving a system of vibrational master equations coupled to the Boltzmann equation. The results, which have been compared with those corresponding to a vibrationally cold molecular gas, show that the inclusion of superelastic collisions and of the parent atoms affects the EDF tails without strongly modifying the EDF bulk. As a consequence the quantities affected by the EDF bulk, such as average and characteristic energies, drift velocity, 0-1 vibrational excitation rate are not too much affected by the inclusion of superelastic vibrational collisions and of parent atoms, while a strong influence is observed on the dissociation and ionization rate coefficients which depend on the EDF tail. Calculated dissociation rates, obtained by EDF's which take into account both the presence of vibrationally excited molecules and hydrogen atoms, are in satisfactory agreement with experimental results.

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