scholarly journals Estimation of Emission Factors for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Petroleum Refineries

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1531
Author(s):  
Elisa Polvara ◽  
Luca Roveda ◽  
Marzio Invernizzi ◽  
Laura Capelli ◽  
Selena Sironi
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Emission Factor ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Petroleum Refineries ◽  
The Impact

The hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) group is composed of 187 chemicals that are known to be potentially carcinogenic and dangerous for human health. Due to their toxicological impact, HAPs are an increasingly studied class of compounds. Of the different HAPs sources, refineries are one of the major sources. In order to obtain a preliminary assessment of the impact of a refinery in terms of emissions, a useful instrument is the determination of the emission factor (EF). For this reason, this work, focusing on the USA refining scenario, aims to provide evidence for a generic trend in refinery emissions to evaluate a correlation between the plant size and the amount of its emissions, in particular the HAPs emissions. Based on the analysis of the data collected from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), a general trend in the emissions from refinery plants was established, showing a positive correlation between the HAPs emissions and the refinery size, represented by a value of the Pearson correlation coefficient r close to 1. Once this correlation was highlighted, a purpose of this work became the estimation of an organic HAPs emission factor (EF): from a whole refining plant, the EF of the total organic HAPs is equal to 10 g emitted for each ton of crude oil processed. Moreover, it was also possible to undertake the same evaluation for two specific HAP molecules: benzene and formaldehyde. The benzene and formaldehyde EFs are equal to, respectively, 0.8 g and 0.2 g for each ton of processed crude oil. This work provides a simple rule of thumb for the estimation of hazardous substances emitted from petroleum refineries in their mean operating conditions.

scholarly journals Health Risk Assessment of Toxic and Harmful Air Pollutants Discharged by a Petrochemical Company in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region of China

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1604
Author(s):  
Tao Zhu ◽  
Furong Li ◽  
Wenfeng Niu ◽  
Zijun Gao ◽  
Yiwei Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Petrochemical Company ◽  
The Impact

Monitoring of toxic and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in a petrochemical company in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China to assess the impact of HAPs on the health risks of workers in the petrochemical company. The samples were tested by solid-phase adsorption thermal desorption/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HJ734-2014), and the pollutant emission list was obtained. According to the pollutant emission inventory, it can be seen that benzene, toluene and xylene are the main components of toxic and harmful air pollutants emitted by the petrochemical enterprise. The method of combining actual monitoring and CALPUFF model prediction was used to evaluate the impact of the toxic and harmful air pollutants emitted by the enterprise on the health of workers. The risk characterization results show that when benzene is the maximum concentration value predicted by the model, it will pose a carcinogenic risk to the factory workers. Therefore, based on the results of this study, it is recommended not to allow residents to live within the predicted concentration range of the model. The results of this study can enable China’s oil refining industry to better understand the characteristics of pollutant emissions from petrochemical companies in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Moreover, the results of this study can be used as a policy basis for improving the health of workers in petrochemical enterprises, and are of great significance to the protection of public health.

Maximum Achievable Control Technology: What a Shipbuilder Should Know for Environmental Compliance

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (04) ◽  
pp. 255-264
Author(s):  
Bhaskar Kura ◽  
Praveen Mookoni
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Technology ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Commercial Source ◽  
Maximum Achievable Control Technology ◽  
Source Category ◽  
Control Technologies ◽  
Ship Repair

The new system for the control of air toxics being developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency called the "Maximum Achievable Control Technology" requires the development of technology based standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants within a specific industrial or commercial source category. This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive understanding of the rule and its applicability to shipbuilding and ship repair industry. The reasons for selecting California regulations as the shipyard maximum available control technology, the compliance procedures, the control technologies for paints as-supplied and paints as-applied and other general requirements under the MACT rule are discussed in detail in this paper.

scholarly journals Hazardous Air Pollutants Associated with Upstream Oil and Natural Gas Development: A Critical Synthesis of Current Peer-Reviewed Literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 283-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane A. Garcia-Gonzales ◽  
Seth B.C. Shonkoff ◽  
Jake Hays ◽  
Michael Jerrett
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Natural Gas Development ◽  
The Us ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas

Increased energy demands and innovations in upstream oil and natural gas (ONG) extraction technologies have enabled the United States to become one of the world's leading producers of petroleum and natural gas hydrocarbons. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) lists 187 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) that are known or suspected to cause cancer or other serious health effects. Several of these HAPs have been measured at elevated concentrations around ONG sites, but most have not been studied in the context of upstream development. In this review, we analyzed recent global peer-reviewed articles that investigated HAPs near ONG operations to ( a) identify HAPs associated with upstream ONG development, ( b) identify their specific sources in upstream processes, and ( c) examine the potential for adverse health outcomes from HAPs emitted during these phases of hydrocarbon development.

scholarly journals Assessment of the contribution of hazardous air pollutants from nigeria’s petroleum refineries to ambient air quality. Part 1

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1870792
Author(s):  
Bamidele Sunday Fakinle ◽  
Abiodun Paul Olalekan ◽  
Ebenezer Leke Odekanle ◽  
Chinchong Blessing Bakut ◽  
Roseline Oluwaseun Ogundokun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Petroleum Refineries

scholarly journals SORBENT PERFORMANCE STUDY FOR CRUDE AND REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
L. Michael Flaherty ◽  
Julie M. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Petroleum Product ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Protection Agency

ABSTRACT This paper presents information on the use of sorbents to contain and clean up crude oil and refined petroleum product spills on water and land. Sorbent literature sources have been reviewed, and information has been consolidated under contract to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This paper addresses types of sorbents, sorbent performance criteria, tests performed in previous studies, guidance on sorbent application, and profiles of generic types of organic, inorganic, and synthetic sorbents. It also considers, to a lesser degree, the use of sorbents on hazardous substances.

Air quality impact of diesel back-up generators (BUGs) in Nigeria’s mobile telecommunication base transceiver stations (BTS)

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 723-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamiu Adetayo Adeniran ◽  
Rafiu O. Yusuf ◽  
Michael O. Amole ◽  
Lukuman Adekilekun Jimoda ◽  
Jacob Ademola Sonibare
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Emission Factor ◽  
Telecommunication Network ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Mobile Telecommunication ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fuel Consumption Rate

Purpose The introduction of mobile telecommunication services in Nigeria led to the development of base transceiver stations (BTS) across the country. Inadequate power supply from the national grid has led to massive use of diesel-fueled back-up generators (BUGs). The purpose of this paper is to attempt to quantify and inform relevant stakeholders about air quality implications of BTS BUGs. Design/methodology/approach Seven major telecommunication network operators were identified. Emission factor approach was used to estimate the quantity of important air pollutants such as NOx, CO, SO2, PM10, PM2.5, PAH and TVOC that are emitted from the use of the BUGs based on fuel consumption rate and generators’ capacity. Fuel-based emission inventory and emission factor from the United States Environmental Protection Agency AP-42 and National Pollution Inventory were used to estimate pollutants emission from diesel-powered generators used in the BTS sites and amount of diesel consumed. Land distribution and per capita dose of the estimated pollutants load were calculated. Findings The study showed that the deployment of BUGs will lead to increase emissions of these air pollutants. The states that are most affected are Lagos, Kano and Oyo, Katsina and Akwa Ibom states with respective total air pollutants contribution of 9,539.61, 9,445.34, 8,276.46, 7,805.14 and 7,220.70 tonnes/yr. Originality/value This study has estimated pollutant emissions from the use of diesel-fueled BUGs in mobile telecommunications BTS sites in Nigeria. The data obtained could assist in policy making.

scholarly journals Wildland fire emission factors in North America: synthesis of existing data, measurement needs and management applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Prichard ◽  
Susan M. O'Neill ◽  
Paige Eagle ◽  
Anne G. Andreu ◽  
Brian Drye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Wildland Fire ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
Criteria Air Pollutants ◽  
Flaming Combustion

Field and laboratory emission factors (EFs) of wildland fire emissions for 276 known air pollutants sampled across Canada and the US were compiled. An online database, the Smoke Emissions Repository Application (SERA), was created to enable analysis and summaries of existing EFs to be used in smoke management and emissions inventories. We evaluated how EFs of select pollutants (CO, CO2, CH4, NOx, total particulate matter (PM), PM2.5 and SO2) are influenced by combustion phase, burn type and fuel type. Of the 12533 records in the database, over a third (n=5637) are represented by 23 air pollutants, most designated as US Environmental Protection Agency criteria air pollutants, greenhouse gases, hazardous air pollutants or known air toxins. Among all pollutants in the database, including the most common pollutants PM, CO, CO2 and CH4, records are unevenly distributed with a bias towards flaming combustion, prescribed burning and laboratory measurements. Across all EFs, records are most common for south-eastern and western conifer forests and western shrubland types. Based on identified data gaps, we offer recommendations for future studies, including targeting underrepresented air pollutants, smouldering combustion phases and improved source characterisation of wildland fire emissions.

Air Pollution

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horacio Riojas-Rodríguez ◽  
Isabelle Romieu ◽  
Mauricio Hernández-Ávila
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Indoor Air Pollution ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Cardiac Disorders

This chapter describes the adverse effects of both outdoor air pollution and indoor air pollution. Various ambient air pollutants are described as well as their adverse health effects, including acute and chronic respiratory disorders, cardiac disorders, cerebrovascular disease, and cancer. A section deals with National Ambient Air Quality Standards of the Environmental Protection Agency for particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, ozone, oxides of nitrogen, and carbon monoxide. Another section describes exposure assessment. The chapter also describes various measures to control hazardous air pollutants and prevent disorders related to air pollution. In addition, a section features indoor air pollution, including pollution due to burning of biomass for cooking and heat.

scholarly journals Study of the Effects of Air Pollutants on Human Health Based on Baidu Indices of Disease Symptoms and Air Quality Monitoring Data in Beijing, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaobo Zhong ◽  
Zhichen Yu ◽  
Wei Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
The Impact

There is an increasing body of evidence showing the impact of air pollutants on human health such as on the respiratory, and cardio- and cerebrovascular systems. In China, as people begin to pay more attention to air quality, recent research focused on the quantitative assessment of the effects of air pollutants on human health. To assess the health effects of air pollutants and to construct an indicator placing emphasis on health impact, a generalized additive model was selected to assess the health burden caused by air pollution. We obtained Baidu indices (an evaluation indicator launched by Baidu Corporation to reflect the search popularity of keywords from its search engine) to assess daily query frequencies of 25 keywords considered associated with air pollution-related diseases. Moreover, we also calculated the daily concentrations of major air pollutants (including PM10, PM2.5, SO2, O3, NO2, and CO) and the daily air quality index (AQI) values, and three meteorological factors: daily mean wind level, daily mean air temperature, and daily mean relative humidity. These data cover the area of Beijing from 1 March 2015 to 30 April 2017. Through the analysis, we produced the relative risks (RRs) of the six main air pollutants for respiratory, and cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. The results showed that O3 and NO2 have the highest health impact, followed by PM10 and PM2.5. The effects of any pollutant on cardiovascular diseases was consistently higher than on respiratory diseases. Furthermore, we evaluated the currently used AQI in China and proposed an RR-based index (health AQI, HAQI) that is intended for better indicating the effects of air pollutants on respiratory, and cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases than AQI. A higher Pearson correlation coefficient between HAQI and RRTotal than that between AQI and RRTotal endorsed our efforts.

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