Identity

This chapter proposes that the Synoptic/Pauline metaphor (“This is my body”) is best understood as what Robert Masson calls a “tectonic equivalence” or “tectonic shift.” This is a metaphoric blend that makes a proper truth claim by reconfiguring the meaning of an existing concept. The author argues that a tectonic shift involves the creation of a radial extension from a source category that comes to be understood as a prototypical example of that category. This accounts for the difference between metaphors like GOD IS A ROCK (which does not create a tectonic shift) and JESUS IS GOD (which does). The chapter argues that THIS LOAF IS CHRIST’S BODY and THIS WINE IS CHRIST’S BLOOD are tectonic equivalences that reconfigure the meaning structure of CHRIST’S BODY and CHRIST’S BLOOD, leaving those concepts polysemous, so that different senses (historic, eucharistic, etc.) are held together in both identity and distinction.

Quality and Reliability of Halitosis Videos on YouTube as a Source of Information

Halitosis is a common condition that adversely affects quality of life. Through YouTube, people access oral health information. This study aimed to analyze the quality and comprehensiveness of the content, and reliability of halitosis videos hosted on YouTube. In total, 300 videos were collected based on three search keywords, and the number of likes, dislikes, views, duration, interaction index, viewing rate, and source category. Subsequently, the video score, which represents the content quality and comprehensiveness was used to categorize videos as poor, good, and excellent. DISCERN score was used to assess video reliability. Of the 105 videos analyzed, 68 (64.8%) were uploaded by personal users. In general, videos were categorized as poor and have low reliability. Videos sourced from healthcare professionals showed the highest quality, comprehensiveness of the content, and reliability (p < 0.05). There was no difference in the number of viewers for video duration less than or more than 4 min (p > 0.05). YouTube users prefer low-quality videos over high-quality ones, indicating that viewers cannot differentiate between reliable and potentially biased content. It is critical to enable viewers to critically assimilate information hosted on YouTube to make effective oral healthcare decisions.

Isotopic characterisation of methane emissions from Krakow, Poland

&lt;p&gt;Methane (CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) emissions from human activities are a threat to the resilience of our current climate, and to the adherence of the Paris Agreement goals. The stable isotopic composition of methane (&amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C and &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H) allows to distinguish between the different CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; origins. A significant part of the European CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emissions, 10 % in 2016, comes from the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB).&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Measurements of CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; mole fraction (&amp;#967;(CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)), &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C and &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H&amp;#160;in CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; in ambient air were performed continuously during 6 months in 2018 and 2019 at Krakow, Poland. In addition, CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; samples were collected during parallel mobile campaigns, from multiple CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; sources in the footprint area of continuous measurements. The resulting isotopic signatures from natural gas leaks, coal mine fugitive emissions, landfill and sewage, and ruminant emissions were statistically different. The use of &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H in CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; is crucial to distinguish the fossil fuel emissions in the case of Krakow, because their relatively depleted &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C values overlap with the ones of microbial sources. The observed &amp;#967;(CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) time series showed a regular daily night-time accumulations, sometimes combined with irregular pollution events during the day. The isotopic signatures of each peak were obtained using the Keeling plot method, and generally fall in the range of thermogenic CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; formation, with &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C between -55.3 and -39.4 &amp;#8240; V-PDB, and &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H between -285 and -124&amp;#160;&amp;#8240;&amp;#160;V-SMOW. They compare well with the signatures measured for gas leaks in Krakow and USCB mines.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The CHIMERE transport model was used to compute the CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; time series at the study location, based on two emission inventories. The &amp;#967;(CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) are generally under-estimated in the model. The isotopic signatures of all pollution events over the entire time periods were extracted from Keeling plots applied on each peaks, for both observed and modelled time series using the EDGAR v5.0 inventory. The results indicate that a higher contribution from fuel combustion sources in the inventory would lead to a better agreement. The isotopic mismatches between model and observations are mainly caused by uncertainties in the assigned isotopic signatures for each source category, and how they are classified in the inventory. These uncertainties are larger for emissions close to the study site, which are more heterogenous than the ones advected from the USCB coal mines. Our isotope approach proves here to be very sensitive in this region, thus helping to improve emission estimates.&lt;/p&gt;

Pristupi pojmovnoj metafori

This paper presents a set of possible contemporary approaches to the study of metaphor. Although undoubtedly most propulsive, Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual (or cognitive) metaphor theory is only one of several metaphor models. Conceptual metaphor theory postulates that metaphor is a phenomenon of thought which is manifest in language. According to this approach, metaphor is understanding abstract conceptual domains (where domain is any coherent organization of human experience) in terms of more concrete source domains. In Fauconnier and Turner’s blending theory meaning is constructed through building of a number of mental spaces and establishment of mappings between them. Contrary to these two approaches, in Glucksberg’s class-inclusion model of metaphor, properties of the source category are attributed to the target category not by means of mappings but through class inclusion. Bowdle and Gentner’s ‘career of metaphor’ theory highlights the importance of metaphor conventionality. In Cameron’s ‘discourse dynamics’ approach metaphor is explored through analysis of discourse. It is perceived and used as a tool which helps uncover attitudes and values. Relevance theorists, on the other end of the spectrum, see metaphor as ‘loose talk’ understood via pragmatic inferential processes. Critical metaphor analysis explores how metaphors shape not only human thought and language, but also our beliefs, values and actions. The range of available approaches to metaphor suggests that no single approach can exhaustively capture this multifaceted phenomenon.

Virulence characterization and comparative genomics of Listeria monocytogenes sequence type 155 strains

Background Listeria (L.) monocytogenes strains show a high diversity regarding stress tolerance and virulence potential. Genome studies have mainly focused on specific sequence types (STs) predominantly associated with either food or human listeriosis. This study focused on the prevalent ST155, showing equal distribution among clinical and food isolates. We evaluated the virulence potential of 20 ST155 strains and performed comparative genomic analysis of 130 ST155 strains isolated from food, food processing environments and human listeriosis cases in different countries and years. Results The in vitro virulence assays using human intestinal epithelial Caco2 and hepatocytic HEPG2 cells showed an impaired virulence phenotype for six of the 20 selected ST155 strains. Genome analysis revealed no distinct clustering of strains from the same source category (food, food processing environment, and clinical isolates). All strains harbored an intact inlA and inlB locus, except four strains, which had an internal deletion in the inlA gene. All strains harbored LIPI-1, but prfA was present in a longer variant in six strains, all showing impaired virulence. The longer PrfA variant resulted in lower expression of inlA, inlB, and prfA, and no expression of hly and actA. Regarding stress-related gene content, SSI-1 was present, whereas qacH was absent in all strains. 34.6% of the strains harbored a plasmid. All but one ST155 plasmids showed high conservation and harbored cadA2, bcrABC, and a triphenylmethane reductase. Conclusions This study contributes to an enhanced understanding of L. monocytogenes ST155 strains, being equally distributed among isolates from humans, food, and food processing environments. The conservation of the present genetic traits and the absence of unique inherent genetic features makes these types of STs especially interesting since they are apparently equally adapted to the conditions in food processing environments, as well as in food as to the human host environment. However, a ST155-specific mutation resulting in a longer PrfA variant impaired the virulence potential of several ST155 strains.

Regional source apportionment of ozone and PM2.5 during the EXPLORE-YRD campaign in the Yangtze River Delta region of China

&lt;p&gt;Although the air quality in China has been improved by collaborative efforts dedicating to mitigate the haze pollution, PM2.5 concentrations still remain high levels and the issue of increasing O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; concentration has attracted more attention of the public. The YRD region has been suffering from both the PM2.5 and O3 pollution problems. To investigate the formation mechanisms and sources of PM2.5 and O3 in this region, a comprehensive EXPLORE-YRD campaign (EXPeriment on the eLucidation of theatmospheric Oxidation capacity and aerosol foRmation, and their Effects inYangtze River Delta) was carried out in May - June 2018. In this study, we investigate the contributions of different source categories to PM2.5 and O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;. A source-oriented 3-D air quality model (CMAQ) was applied to analyze contributions of different emission sources to PM2.5 and O&lt;sub&gt;3 &lt;/sub&gt;in the YRD region. Emissions were divided into eight source categories: industry, power, transportation, residential, agriculture, biogenic, wildfire, and other countries. Contribution from individual source category was quantified. The importance of anthropogenic and natural sources to PM2.5 and O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; was discussed.&lt;/p&gt;

A refined source apportionment study of atmospheric PM2.5 during winter heating period in Shijiazhuang, China, using a receptor model coupled with a source-oriented model

&lt;p&gt;With the intensification of Chinese source control of air pollution, there is an urgent need for refined and rapid source apportionment techniques. A refined source apportionment method was constructed based on an off-line sampling dataset using a receptor model coupled with a source-oriented model, and the method was implemented in Shijiazhuang during the heating period. The refined results for source apportionment mainly included temporal, spatial, and source-category refinement data. The results indicated that the mean concentration of PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; during the heating period was 96 &amp;#956;g/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Organic carbon (OC) and NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; were found to be the dominant species of PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; during the study. A high correlation was detected between elemental carbon (EC) and NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8211;&lt;/sup&gt; on polluted days, which was suggestive of the stagnant condition that accumulates EC and nitrate simultaneously. Secondary particle formation greatly promoted the occurrence of haze events. Secondary sources (34.9%), vehicle exhaust (18.6%), coal combustion (20.0%), industrial emissions (9.2%), crustal dust (9.7%), and biomass burning (7.6%) were the major sources during the heating period. The contributions of secondary sources and vehicle exhaust increased on polluted days, while those of coal combustion, industrial emissions and crustal dust decreased significantly. The contribution percentage of secondary sources from the southeast direction was basically the highest, while those of vehicle exhaust from the northwest or southeast directions were relatively higher as well, likely due to the distribution of traffic arteries. Based on the refined results for the source-category assessment, we found that the heating boilers (17.0%), non-road mobile (13.8%), diesel vehicles (10.4%), residential combustion (6.7%), road dust (5.5%), and architectural material industry (4.9%) were the major contributors to PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt;. There was some uncertainty in the distribution proportions of the refined results, which were derived based on the emission inventory and the results of CALPUFF model.&lt;/p&gt;

NO2 measurements in the city centre of Wuppertal – Contribution of buses to the NOx emission/NO2-Messungen in der Wuppertaler Innenstadt: Anteil von Bussen an der NOx-Emission

ABSTRACT Since road traffic and particularly diesel vehicles are still the major source of nitrogen oxides in Germany, it is currently discussed to ban diesel vehicles from many city centres to force NO2 concentrations below the limit value. However, there is also a debate in the public whether roadside measurement stations were positioned in Germany in agreement with the EU guidelines for monitoring stations. In the present study, NOx and CO2 emissions were investigated in the city centre of Wuppertal at three different locations during 2018 to estimate the contribution of buses to the NOx emission. From the measured data daily averaged values NOx were calculated showing that on March, 21, 2018 (no strike) NOx was about 87% higher than on the day when public services were on strike. The final results of the study indicate a pronounced impact of public buses on the measured concentrations, in particular the NO2 concentration. However, a significant impact of a single emission source/category on the measured concentrations at a monitoring station is in contradiction to rules in the corresponding EU Guidelines. [1].

Estimation of Source-Specific Occupational Benzene Exposure in a Population-Based Case–Control Study of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Objectives Occupational exposures in population-based case–control studies are increasingly being assessed using decision rules that link participants’ responses to occupational questionnaires to exposure estimates. We used a hierarchical process that incorporated decision rules and job-by-job expert review to assign occupational benzene exposure estimates in a US population-based case–control study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Methods We conducted a literature review to identify scenarios in which occupational benzene exposure has occurred, which we grouped into 12 categories of benzene exposure sources. For each source category, we then developed decision rules for assessing probability (ordinal scale based on the likelihood of exposure > 0.02 ppm), frequency (proportion of work time exposed), and intensity of exposure (in ppm). The rules used the participants’ occupational history responses and, for a subset of jobs, responses to job- and industry-specific modules. For probability and frequency, we used a hierarchical assignment procedure that prioritized subject-specific module information when available. Next, we derived job-group medians from the module responses to assign estimates to jobs with only occupational history responses. Last, we used job-by-job expert review to assign estimates when job-group medians were not available or when the decision rules identified possible heterogeneous or rare exposure scenarios. For intensity, we developed separate estimates for each benzene source category that were based on published measurement data whenever possible. Frequency and intensity annual source-specific estimates were assigned only for those jobs assigned ≥75% probability of exposure. Annual source-specific concentrations (intensity × frequency) were summed to obtain a total annual benzene concentration for each job. Results Of the 8827 jobs reported by participants, 8% required expert review for one or more source categories. Overall, 287 (3.3%) jobs were assigned ≥75% probability of exposure from any benzene source category. The source categories most commonly assigned ≥75% probability of exposure were gasoline and degreasing. The median total annual benzene concentration among jobs assigned ≥75% probability was 0.11 ppm (interquartile range: 0.06–0.55). The highest source-specific median annual concentrations were observed for ink and printing (2.3 and 1.2 ppm, respectively). Conclusions The applied framework captures some subject-specific variability in work tasks, provides transparency to the exposure decision process, and facilitates future sensitivity analyses. The developed decision rules can be used as a starting point by other researchers to assess occupational benzene exposure in future population-based studies.