Comparison of Ground Reaction Forces between Combat Boots and Sports Shoes

Biomechanics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-289
Author(s):  
Rodrigo R. Bini ◽  
Daniel D. Kilpp ◽  
Pedro A. D. S. Júnior ◽  
Adriane M. D. S. Muniz
Keyword(s):  
Loading Rate ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Force Transfer ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Combat Boots ◽  
Second Peak ◽  
Sports Shoes

It is unclear whether military shoes (combat boots and sports shoes) attenuate loading rate or affect force transfer during walking. Therefore, this study compared ground reaction forces (GRF) related to impact and force transfer between combat boots, military sports shoes, and running shoes. Ten army recruits walked over a walkway with two force plates embedded. GRF were measured when walking barefoot (for data normalisation) and with combat boots, military sports shoes, and running shoes. Loading rate, first and second peak forces, and push-off rate of force were computed along with temporal analysis of waveforms. Reduced loading rate was observed for the running shoe compared to the combat boot (p = 0.02; d = 0.98) and to the military sports shoe (p = 0.04; d = 0.92). The running shoe elicited a smaller second peak force than the combat boot (p < 0.01; d = 0.83). Walking with military shoes and combat boots led to larger force transfer than running shoes, potentially due to harder material used in midsole composition (i.e., styrene-butadiene rubber). Combat boots did not optimise load transmission and may lead, in a long-term perspective, to greater injury risk.

scholarly journals Comparison of Ground Reaction Forces between Combat Boots and Sports Shoes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Rico Bini ◽  
Daniel D. Kilpp ◽  
Pedro D. Junior ◽  
Adriane D. Muniz
Keyword(s):  
Loading Rate ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Force Transfer ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Combat Boots ◽  
Second Peak ◽  
Sports Shoes

It is unclear whether military shoes (combat boots and sports shoes) attenuate loading rate or affect force transfer during walking. Therefore, this study compared ground reaction forces (GRF) related to impact and force transfer between combat boots, military sports shoes and running shoes. Ten army recruits walked over a walkway with two force plates embedded. GRF were measured when walking barefoot (for data normalization) and with combat boots, military sports shoes and running shoes. Loading rate, first and second peak forces and push-off rate of force were computed along with temporal analysis of waveforms. Reduced loading rate was observed for the running shoe compared to the combat boot (p = 0.02 and d = 0.98) and to the military sports shoe (p = 0.04 and d = 0.92). The running shoe elicited a smaller second peak force than the combat boot (p &lt; 0.01 and d = 0.83). Walking with military shoes and combat boots led to larger force transfer then running shoes potentially due to harder material used in midsole composition (i.e. styrene-butadiene rubber). These results could lead to a potentially larger risk of injuries while long duration walking in military shoes and boots compared to traditional running shoes.

Standardized Lab Shoes Do Not Decrease Loading Rate Variability in Recreational Runners

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 340-344
Author(s):  
Jessica G. Hunter ◽  
Alexander M.B. Smith ◽  
Lena M. Sciarratta ◽  
Stephen Suydam ◽  
Jae Kun Shim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Ground Contact ◽  
Step Rate ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Ground Contact Time ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
Running Mechanics

Studies of running mechanics often use a standardized lab shoe, ostensibly to reduce variance between subjects; however, this may induce unnatural running mechanics. The purpose of this study was to compare the step rate, vertical average loading rate, and ground contact time when running in standardized lab shoes versus participants’ normal running shoes. Ground reaction forces were measured while the participants ran overground in both shoe conditions at a self-selected speed. The Student’s t-test revealed that the vertical average loading rate magnitude was smaller in lab shoes versus normal shoes (42.09 [11.08] vs 47.35 [10.81] body weight/s, P = .013), while the step rate (170.92 [9.43] vs 168.98 [9.63] steps/min, P = .053) and ground contact time were similar (253 [25] vs 251 [20] ms, P = .5227) and the variance of all outcomes was similar in lab shoes versus normal shoes. Our results indicate that using standardized lab shoes during testing may underestimate the loads runners actually experience during their typical mileage.

scholarly journals Effects of Court Specific and Minimalist Footwear on the Biomechanics of a Maximal 180° Cutting Manoeuvre

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Kenneth Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Camera Motion ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Tibial Acceleration

AbstractPurpose. The aim of the current investigation was to examine the effects of different footwear on the kinetics and kinematics of performing a 180° cutting manoeuvre.Methods. Nine male participants performed maximal 180° cut movements in court shoes, minimalist footwear, energy return, and conventional running shoes. Lower limb kinematic data were collected with the use of an 8 camera motion capture system, ground reaction forces were quantified with an embedded force platform, and tibial accelerations were obtained by means of an accelerometer. Differences in kinetics and kinematics between footwear were examined by one-way repeated measures ANOVA.Results. The results showed that both instantaneous loading rate and peak tibial acceleration were significantly larger in the minimalist (282.91 BW/s and 6.38 g) and court (326.67 BW/s and 6.35 g) footwear compared with the conventional (143.19 BW/s and 5.46 g) and energy return (106.14 BW/s and 4.98 g) footwear. In addition, peak inversion was revealed to be significantly larger in the minimalist (16.36°) than in conventional (11.86°), court (12.61°), and energy return (10.12°) footwear.Conclusions. These findings indicate that minimalist and court footwear may place athletes at increased risk from injury when performing 180° cut movements.

Footwear and Elevated Heel Influence On Barbell Back Squat: a Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Michael Pangan ◽  
Matthew J Leineweber
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Back Squat ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Joint Loads ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Kinematics And Kinetics ◽  
Full Body

Abstract The back squat is one of the most effective exercises in strengthening the muscles of the lower extremity. Understanding the impact of footwear has on the biomechanics is imperative for maximizing the exercise training potential, preventing injury, and rehabilitating from injury. This review focuses on how different types of footwear affect the full-body kinematics, joint loads, muscle activity, and ground reaction forces in athletes of varying experience performing the weighted back squat. The literature search was conducted using three databases, and fourteen full-text articles were ultimately included in the review. The majority of these studies demonstrated that the choice of footwear directly impacts kinematics and kinetics. Weightlifting shoes were shown to decrease trunk lean and generate more plantarflexion relative to running shoes and barefoot lifting. Elevating the heel through the use of external squat wedges is popular clinical exercise during rehabilitation and was shown to provide similar effects to WLS. Additional research with a broader array of populations, particularly novice and female weightlifters, should be conducted to generalize the research results to non-athlete populations. Further work is also needed to characterize the specific effects of sole stiffness and heel elevation height on squatting mechanics.

Magnitude and Spatial Distribution of Impact Intensity Under the Foot Relates to Initial Foot Contact Pattern

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 431-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastiaan Breine ◽  
Philippe Malcolm ◽  
Veerle Segers ◽  
Joeri Gerlo ◽  
Rud Derie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Contact Pattern ◽  
Intensity Measure ◽  
Foot Kinematics ◽  
Contact Patterns ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Local Impact ◽  
The Impact

In running, foot contact patterns (rear-, mid-, or forefoot contact) influence impact intensity and initial ankle and foot kinematics. The aim of the study was to compare impact intensity and its spatial distribution under the foot between different foot contact patterns. Forty-nine subjects ran at 3.2 m·s−1 over a level runway while ground reaction forces (GRF) and shoe-surface pressures were recorded and foot contact pattern was determined. A 4-zone footmask (forefoot, midfoot, medial and lateral rearfoot) assessed the spatial distribution of the vertical GRF under the foot. We calculated peak vertical instantaneous loading rate of the GRF (VILR) per foot zone as the impact intensity measure. Midfoot contact patterns were shown to have the lowest, and atypical rearfoot contact patterns the highest impact intensities, respectively. The greatest local impact intensity was mainly situated under the rear- and midfoot for the typical rearfoot contact patterns, under the midfoot for the atypical rearfoot contact patterns, and under the mid- and forefoot for the midfoot contact patterns. These findings indicate that different foot contact patterns could benefit from cushioning in different shoe zones.

scholarly journals Principal Component Analysis of the Running Ground Reaction Forces With Different Speeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Yu ◽  
Qichang Mei ◽  
Liangliang Xiang ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
Nur Ikhwan Mohamad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Heel Strike ◽  
Impact Peak ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Second Peak

Ground reaction force (GRF) is a key metric in biomechanical research, including parameters of loading rate (LR), first impact peak, second impact peak, and transient between first and second impact peaks in heel strike runners. The GRFs vary over time during stance. This study was aimed to investigate the variances of GRFs in rearfoot striking runners across incremental speeds. Thirty female and male runners joined the running tests on the instrumented treadmill with speeds of 2.7, 3.0, 3.3, and 3.7 m/s. The discrete parameters of vertical average loading rate in the current study are consistent with the literature findings. The principal component analysis was modeled to investigate the main variances (95%) in the GRFs over stance. The females varied in the magnitude of braking and propulsive forces (PC1, 84.93%), whereas the male runners varied in the timing of propulsion (PC1, 53.38%). The female runners dominantly varied in the transient between the first and second peaks of vertical GRF (PC1, 36.52%) and LR (PC2, 33.76%), whereas the males variated in the LR and second peak of vertical GRF (PC1, 78.69%). Knowledge reported in the current study suggested the difference of the magnitude and patterns of GRF between male and female runners across different speeds. These findings may have implications for the prevention of sex-specific running-related injuries and could be integrated with wearable signals for the in-field prediction and estimation of impact loadings and GRFs.

Normalization of Ground Reaction Forces

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Mullineaux ◽  
Clare E. Milner ◽  
Irene S. Davis ◽  
Joseph Hamill
Keyword(s):  
Loading Rate ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Newtonian Mechanics ◽  
Covariate Effect ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Explained Variance ◽  
Dimensionality Theory ◽  
The Relationship

The appropriateness of normalizing data, as one method to reduce the effects of a covariate on a dependent variable, should be evaluated. Using ratio, 0.67-nonlinear, and fitted normalizations, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between ground reaction force variables and body mass (BM). Ground reaction forces were recorded for 40 female subjects running at 3.7 ± 0.18 m·s–1 (mass = 58 ± 6 kg). The explained variance for mass to forces (peak-impact-vertical = 70%; propulsive-vertical = 27%; braking = 40%) was reduced to < 0.1% for mass to ratio normalized forces (i.e., forces/BM1) with statistically significantly different power exponents (p < 0.05). The smaller covariate effect of mass on loading rate variables of 2–16% was better removed through fitted normalization (e.g., vertical-instantaneous-loading-rate/BM0.69±0.93; ±95% CI) with nonlinear power exponents ranging from 0.51 to 1.13. Generally, these were similar to 0.67 as predicted through dimensionality theory, but, owing to the large confidence intervals, these power exponents were not statistically significantly different from absolute or ratio normalized data (p > 0.05). Further work is warranted to identify the appropriate method to normalize loading rates either to mass or to another covariate. Ratio normalization of forces to mass, as predicted through Newtonian mechanics, is recommended for comparing subjects of different masses.

scholarly journals Adaptation of Running Biomechanics to Repeated Barefoot Running: A Randomized Controlled Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1975-1983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karsten Hollander ◽  
Dominik Liebl ◽  
Stephanie Meining ◽  
Klaus Mattes ◽  
Steffen Willwacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Passive Control ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Ground Contact ◽  
Barefoot Running ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Foot Strike ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Running Biomechanics

Background: Previous studies have shown that changing acutely from shod to barefoot running induces several changes to running biomechanics, such as altered ankle kinematics, reduced ground-reaction forces, and reduced loading rates. However, uncertainty exists whether these effects still exist after a short period of barefoot running habituation. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to investigate the effects of a habituation to barefoot versus shod running on running biomechanics. It was hypothesized that a habituation to barefoot running would induce different adaptations of running kinetics and kinematics as compared with a habituation to cushioned footwear running or no habituation. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Young, physically active adults without experience in barefoot running were randomly allocated to a barefoot habituation group, a cushioned footwear group, or a passive control group. The 8-week intervention in the barefoot and footwear groups consisted of 15 minutes of treadmill running at 70% of VO2 max (maximal oxygen consumption) velocity per weekly session in the allocated footwear. Before and after the intervention period, a 3-dimensional biomechanical analysis for barefoot and shod running was conducted on an instrumented treadmill. The passive control group did not receive any intervention but was also tested prior to and after 8 weeks. Pre- to posttest changes in kinematics, kinetics, and spatiotemporal parameters were then analyzed with a mixed effects model. Results: Of the 60 included participants (51.7% female; mean ± SD age, 25.4 ± 3.3 years; body mass index, 22.6 ± 2.1 kg·m-2), 53 completed the study (19 in the barefoot habituation group, 18 in the shod habituation group, and 16 in the passive control group). Acutely, running barefoot versus shod influenced foot strike index and ankle, foot, and knee angles at ground contact ( P < .001), as well as vertical average loading rate ( P = .003), peak force ( P < .001), contact time ( P < .001), flight time ( P < .001), step length ( P < .001), and cadence ( P < .001). No differences were found for average force ( P = .391). After the barefoot habituation period, participants exhibited more anterior foot placement ( P = .006) when running barefoot, while no changes were observed in the footwear condition. Furthermore, barefoot habituation increased the vertical average loading rates in both conditions (barefoot, P = .01; shod, P = .003) and average vertical ground-reaction forces for shod running ( P = .039). All other outcomes (ankle, foot, and knee angles at ground contact and flight time, contact time, cadence, and peak forces) did not change significantly after the 8-week habituation. Conclusion: Changing acutely from shod to barefoot running in a habitually shod population increased the foot strike index and reduced ground-reaction force and loading rates. After the habituation to barefoot running, the foot strike index was further increased, while the force and average loading rates also increased as compared with the acute barefoot running situation. The increased average loading rate is contradictory to other studies on acute adaptations of barefoot running. Clinical Relevance: A habituation to barefoot running led to increased vertical average loading rates. This finding was unexpected and questions the generalizability of acute adaptations to long-term barefoot running. Sports medicine professionals should consider these adaptations in their recommendations regarding barefoot running as a possible measure for running injury prevention. Registration: DRKS00011073 (German Clinical Trial Register).

scholarly journals Effects of barefoot and minimally shod footwear on effective mass – implications for transient musculoskeletal loading

Kinesiology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Sinclair ◽  
Philip Stainton ◽  
Sarah Jane Hobbs
Keyword(s):  
Effective Mass ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Camera Motion ◽  
Barefoot Running ◽  
Instantaneous Rate ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Transient Forces

The purpose of this investigation was to explore the effects of barefoot and minimally shod footwear on effective mass, and determine the implications that this has for transient loading during running. Fifteen male runners ran at 4.0 m/s in five different footwear conditions (barefoot, running trainer, Nike-free, Inov-8 and Vibram five-fingers). Kinematics were collected using an 8 camera motion capture system and ground reaction forces via an embedded force platform. Effective mass was examined using impulse-momentum modelling and differences between footwear were examined using one-way repeated measures ANOVA. The findings showed that effective mass was significantly larger in the barefoot (11.47 %BW), Nike-free (9.81 %BW), Inov-8 (12.10 %BW) and Vibram five-fingers (8.84 %BW) compared to the running trainer (6.86 %BW). Furthermore, instantaneous loading rate was significantly larger in the barefoot (347.55 BW/s), Nike-free (178.76 BW/s), Inov-8 (369.93 BW/s) and Vibram five-fingers (339.37 BW/s) compared to the running trainer (133.18 BW/s). It was also revealed that there were significant positive associations between effective mass and the instantaneous rate of loading for each footwear. The findings from the current investigation indicate that effective mass has key implications for the generation of transient forces and also that running barefoot and in minimally shod footwear may place runners at increased risk from impact related injuries compared to the traditional running shoes

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