Footwear and Elevated Heel Influence On Barbell Back Squat: a Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Michael Pangan ◽  
Matthew J Leineweber
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Back Squat ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Joint Loads ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Kinematics And Kinetics ◽  
Full Body

Abstract The back squat is one of the most effective exercises in strengthening the muscles of the lower extremity. Understanding the impact of footwear has on the biomechanics is imperative for maximizing the exercise training potential, preventing injury, and rehabilitating from injury. This review focuses on how different types of footwear affect the full-body kinematics, joint loads, muscle activity, and ground reaction forces in athletes of varying experience performing the weighted back squat. The literature search was conducted using three databases, and fourteen full-text articles were ultimately included in the review. The majority of these studies demonstrated that the choice of footwear directly impacts kinematics and kinetics. Weightlifting shoes were shown to decrease trunk lean and generate more plantarflexion relative to running shoes and barefoot lifting. Elevating the heel through the use of external squat wedges is popular clinical exercise during rehabilitation and was shown to provide similar effects to WLS. Additional research with a broader array of populations, particularly novice and female weightlifters, should be conducted to generalize the research results to non-athlete populations. Further work is also needed to characterize the specific effects of sole stiffness and heel elevation height on squatting mechanics.

scholarly journals Changes in Ground Reaction Forces, Joint Mechanics, and Stiffness during Treadmill Running to Fatigue

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
pp. 5493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Luo ◽  
Xini Zhang ◽  
Junqing Wang ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Yongxin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Joint Mechanics ◽  
Soft Landing ◽  
Ankle Stiffness ◽  
Impact Forces ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Kinematics And Kinetics

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the changes in lower extremity biomechanics during running-induced fatigue intervention. Methods: Fourteen male recreational runners were required to run at 3.33 m/s until they could no longer continue running. Ground reaction forces (GRFs) and marker trajectories were recorded intermittently every 2 min to quantify the impact forces and the lower extremity kinematics and kinetics during the fatiguing run. Blood lactate concentration (BLa) was also collected before and after running. Results: In comparison with the beginning of the run duration, (1) BLa significantly increased immediately after running, 4 min after running, and 9 min after running; (2) no changes were observed in vertical/anterior–posterior GRF and loading rates; (3) the hip joint range of motion (θROM) significantly increased at 33%, 67%, and 100% of the run duration, whereas θROM of the knee joint significantly increased at 67%; (4) no changes were observed in ankle joint kinematics and peak joint moment at the ankle, knee, and hip; and (5) vertical and ankle stiffness decreased at 67% and 100% of the run duration. Conclusion: GRF characteristics did not vary significantly throughout the fatiguing run. However, nonlinear adaptations in lower extremity kinematics and kinetics were observed. In particular, a “soft landing” strategy, achieved by an increased θROM at the hip and knee joints and a decreased vertical and ankle stiffness, was initiated from the mid-stage of a fatiguing run to potentially maintain similar impact forces.

scholarly journals Ground Reaction Forces and Kinematics of Ski Jump Landing Using Wearable Sensors

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bessone ◽  
Petrat ◽  
Schwirtz
Keyword(s):  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Inertial Motion ◽  
Jump Landing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Landing Biomechanics ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Kinematics And Kinetics

In the past, technological issues limited research focused on ski jump landing. Today, thanks to the development of wearable sensors, it is possible to analyze the biomechanics of athletes without interfering with their movements. The aims of this study were twofold. Firstly, the quantification of the kinetic magnitude during landing is performed using wireless force insoles while 22 athletes jumped during summer training on the hill. In the second part, the insoles were combined with inertial motion units (IMUs) to determine the possible correlation between kinematics and kinetics during landing. The maximal normal ground reaction force (GRFmax) ranged between 1.1 and 5.3 body weight per foot independently when landing using the telemark or parallel leg technique. The GRFmax and impulse were correlated with flying time (p < 0.001). The hip flexions/extensions and the knee and hip rotations of the telemark front leg correlated with GRFmax (r = 0.689, p = 0.040; r = −0.670, p = 0.048; r = 0.820, p = 0.007; respectively). The force insoles and their combination with IMUs resulted in promising setups to analyze landing biomechanics and to provide in-field feedback to the athletes, being quick to place and light, without limiting movement.

scholarly journals The Characteristics of Walking with Different Types of Shoes as Viewed from the Ground Reaction Forces.

1992 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuo MAIE ◽  
Shiro KONDO ◽  
Hideyuki TANAKA ◽  
Akira OTSUKA ◽  
Shuichi TAKAHASHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Reaction Forces

Sensor-Based Integration of Full-Body Object Manipulation Based on Strategy Selection in a Life-Sized Humanoid Robot

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunichi Nozawa ◽  
◽  
Ryohei Ueda ◽  
Yohei Kakiuchi ◽  
Kei Okada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Humanoid Robot ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Motion Generation ◽  
Multiple Strategies ◽  
Contact Points ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Manipulation Strategy ◽  
Full Body

The novel method we propose involves a humanoid robot manipulating objects of varying size and weight. How an object is manipulated is generally determined by size and weight. The motion generation system we developed 1) utilizes manipulation strategies defined by which contact points on the robot are to be used, 2) selects the adequate manipulation strategy based on the object, and 3) generates a full-body posture sequence for the humanoid robot with controlled reaction forces and full-body balance using the manipulation strategy as an initial condition. Our system enables the robot to manipulate an object of weight thanks to multiple strategies. Our method’s effectiveness is confirmed in experiments in which a humanoid robot manipulates six different types of objects.

Magnitude and Spatial Distribution of Impact Intensity Under the Foot Relates to Initial Foot Contact Pattern

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 431-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastiaan Breine ◽  
Philippe Malcolm ◽  
Veerle Segers ◽  
Joeri Gerlo ◽  
Rud Derie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Contact Pattern ◽  
Intensity Measure ◽  
Foot Kinematics ◽  
Contact Patterns ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Local Impact ◽  
The Impact

In running, foot contact patterns (rear-, mid-, or forefoot contact) influence impact intensity and initial ankle and foot kinematics. The aim of the study was to compare impact intensity and its spatial distribution under the foot between different foot contact patterns. Forty-nine subjects ran at 3.2 m·s−1 over a level runway while ground reaction forces (GRF) and shoe-surface pressures were recorded and foot contact pattern was determined. A 4-zone footmask (forefoot, midfoot, medial and lateral rearfoot) assessed the spatial distribution of the vertical GRF under the foot. We calculated peak vertical instantaneous loading rate of the GRF (VILR) per foot zone as the impact intensity measure. Midfoot contact patterns were shown to have the lowest, and atypical rearfoot contact patterns the highest impact intensities, respectively. The greatest local impact intensity was mainly situated under the rear- and midfoot for the typical rearfoot contact patterns, under the midfoot for the atypical rearfoot contact patterns, and under the mid- and forefoot for the midfoot contact patterns. These findings indicate that different foot contact patterns could benefit from cushioning in different shoe zones.

scholarly journals Effect of Horizontal Ground Reaction Forces during the Golf Swing: Implications for the Development of Technical Solutions of Golf Swing Analysis

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Maxime Bourgain ◽  
Christophe Sauret ◽  
Grégoire Prum ◽  
Laura Valdes-Tamayo ◽  
Olivier Rouillon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Golf Swing ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Analysis Laboratory ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Full Body

The swing is a key movement for golf. Its in-field performance could be estimated by embedded technologies, but often only vertical ground reaction forces (VGRF) are estimated. However, as the swing plane is inclined, horizontal ground reaction forces (HGRF) are expected to contribute to the increase of the club angular velocity. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the role of the HGRF during the golf swing. Twenty-eight golf players were recruited and performed 10 swings with their own driver club, in a motion analysis laboratory, equipped with a full body marker set. Ground reaction forces (GRF) were measured with force-plates. A multibody kinematic optimization was performed with a full body model to estimate the instantaneous location of the golfer’s center of mass (CoM). Moments created by the GRF at the CoM were investigated. Results showed that horizontal forces should not be neglected regarding to VGRF because of their lever arm. Analyzing golf swing with only VGRF appeared not enough and further technological developments are still needed to ecologically measure other components.

scholarly journals Impacto producido por la técnica seoi-otoshi. Relación con años de práctica y grado en judo

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Montero Carretero ◽  
José Luis López Elvira
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Force Peak ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Judokas commonly train the <em>seoi-otoshi</em> technique (aka, drop-knee <em>seoi-nage</em>). A controversy exists about the convenience of its use by the younger judokas due to the risk of high loads produced by the impacts on their growing structures. The aim of the present paper was to measure the impacts against the tatami when executing the knee <em>seoi-otoshi</em> technique and its relationship with the years of practice and the degree or level (color of the belt). Thirty-three judokas from different years and degree volunteered to participate. Two force plates covered by standard tatami, registered the ground reaction forces while five consecutive repetitions were executed. We measured the mean and maximum peaks of force relative to their own body weight (BW). The results show peaks of more than 10 BW, which can be considered a potential risk of injury in the younger judokas, especially when repeated in time. In addition, a tendency to decrease the impact as the years of practice increase is observed (potential function; R<sup>2</sup>= 0.41, p&lt;0.000 in the force peak), and the force in the expert group has been significantly lower than in the other groups (p&lt;0.001). On the other hand, the degree (belt color) shows a quadratic relationship (R<sup>2</sup>= 0.45, p&lt;0.000 in the force peak). The lack of agreement between the years of practice and the degree shows that the promotion criteria does not appear to be a valid one from a preventive viewpoint, especially in the lower degrees which would correspond to younger practitioners whose locomotor structures are still not fully developed.

scholarly journals Comparison of Ground Reaction Forces between Combat Boots and Sports Shoes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Rico Bini ◽  
Daniel D. Kilpp ◽  
Pedro D. Junior ◽  
Adriane D. Muniz
Keyword(s):  
Loading Rate ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Force Transfer ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Combat Boots ◽  
Second Peak ◽  
Sports Shoes

It is unclear whether military shoes (combat boots and sports shoes) attenuate loading rate or affect force transfer during walking. Therefore, this study compared ground reaction forces (GRF) related to impact and force transfer between combat boots, military sports shoes and running shoes. Ten army recruits walked over a walkway with two force plates embedded. GRF were measured when walking barefoot (for data normalization) and with combat boots, military sports shoes and running shoes. Loading rate, first and second peak forces and push-off rate of force were computed along with temporal analysis of waveforms. Reduced loading rate was observed for the running shoe compared to the combat boot (p = 0.02 and d = 0.98) and to the military sports shoe (p = 0.04 and d = 0.92). The running shoe elicited a smaller second peak force than the combat boot (p &lt; 0.01 and d = 0.83). Walking with military shoes and combat boots led to larger force transfer then running shoes potentially due to harder material used in midsole composition (i.e. styrene-butadiene rubber). These results could lead to a potentially larger risk of injuries while long duration walking in military shoes and boots compared to traditional running shoes.

A Technique to Evaluate Foot Function During the Stance Phase of Gait

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 764-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Lohmann Siegel ◽  
Thomas M. Kepple ◽  
Paul G. O'Connell ◽  
Lynn H. Gerber ◽  
Steven J. Stanhope
Keyword(s):  
Stance Phase ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Foot Function ◽  
The Impact

A technique to measure foot function during the stance phase of gait is described. Advantages of the method include its three-dimensional approach with anatomically based segment coordinate systems. This allows variables such as ground reaction forces and center of pressure location to be expressed in a local foot coordinate system, which gives more anatomical meaning to the interpretation of results. Application of the measurement technique to case examples of patients with rheumatoid arthritis demonstrated its ability to discriminate normal from various levels of pathological function. Future studies will utilize this technique to study the impact of pathology and treatment on foot function.

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