Parkinson’s Disease-Cognitive Rating Scale for Evaluating Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review

The aim of the present systematic review was to examine the evidence on the accuracy and psychometric properties of the Parkinson’s Disease-Cognitive Rating Scale (PD-CRS) for evaluating the presence of cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) as well as to highlight the quality and quantity of research available on the use of the PD-CRS in this population. We searched four databases from inception until July 2020. Eight studies, published between 2008 and 2020, met the inclusion criteria: One cross-sectional study in which participants were assessed with the index test (PD-CRS) and a reference standard diagnostic assessment, in accordance with the Level II criteria of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS); one case-control study comparing the PD-CRS to an extensive battery of tests (i.e., MDS Level II diagnosis); and six studies comparing the PD-CRS to other short cognitive batteries. In patients with Parkinson’s disease, the PD-CRS test provides information about cortical and sub-cortical cognitive functions. Even if it demonstrated good psychometric properties, the results regarding the optimal threshold for detecting mild cognitive impairment and dementia in PD are somewhat inconsistent. Further cross-sectional studies are necessary to examine the optimum cut-off score for detecting cognitive dysfunction in PD patients.

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Factors associated with depression in Parkinson’s disease: a cross-sectional study in a Polish population

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.01.012 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 21 (8) ◽

pp. 516-520 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Hubert M. Wichowicz ◽

Jarosław Sławek ◽

Mirosława Derejko ◽

Wiesław Jerzy Cubała

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Polish Population ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Disability Scale ◽

Yahr Scale ◽

Specific Outcome

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and factors influencing depression in PD patients in a cross-sectional outpatient clinic - based Polish patients sample.Materials and methodsOne hundred consecutive PD patients were included in this study; 35 of them fulfilled DSM-IV criteria for Major Depression and its severity was assessed with Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). A structured interview and a neurological examination, including Hoehn and Yahr scale (H–Y), Schwab–England disability scale, II, III, IV parts of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were performed. The parameters obtained were analysed between the depressed and non-depressed PD patients.ResultsThe prevalence of depression in PD in Polish population was established at the level of 35%. PD patients with depression scored significantly higher in all UPDRS scales (except for the subscale of clinical fluctuation) and in H–Y scale. PD with depression was also associated with longer PD duration, higher doses of L-dopa equivalents, patients' age, general impairment of daily living in Schwab and England disability scale, lower MMSE and higher clinical fluctuations. However, those six differences were insignificant.ConclusionsDepression prevalence rate among PD patients in Polish population is slightly lower than in most of other published studies. This may result from strict selection criteria, use of specific outcome measures and restricted criteria for depression that were applied.

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Measurement and correlation of fatigue and sleep quality in Parkinson’s disease: a cross sectional study

Manual Therapy Posturology & Rehabilitation Journal ◽

10.17784/mtprehabjournal.2018.16.556 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Wildja de Lima Gomes ◽

Laize Gabriele Castro Silva ◽

Neildja Maria da Silva ◽

Robison Carlos Silva Costa ◽

Roberta de Oliveira Cacho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Daily Activities ◽

Motor Symptom ◽

Disease Stage ◽

Measuring Instruments ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

High Prevalence

Background: Fatigue corresponds to a non-motor symptom of high prevalence in Parkinson’s disease (PD) affecting about one thirdof patients with the disease. This symptom negatively affects daily activities, contributing to the deterioration of the quality of life ofthese subjects. Objectives: To estimate fatigue in PD and to correlate with demographic characteristics, sleep, disease stage, motorfunction and daily activities. Methods: The sample consisted of patients with PD. The following measuring instruments were used for thestudy:Hoehn and Yahr scale, Fatigue Rating Scale, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale. Results: Thisstudy highlights the high prevalence of fatigue in subjects with PD, and the screening and treatment of this symptom is extremelyrelevant in clinical practice. There were no significant correlations between fatigue and other variables analyzed. Conclusions: Mostparticipants reported fatigue as a relevant problem, so it is important the use of instruments for fatigue screening in clinical practiceand the need to develop therapies related to this symptom in the PD.

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Relationship between Cognitive Performance and Motor Dysfunction in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Cross-Sectional Study

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/365959 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Valentina Varalta ◽

Alessandro Picelli ◽

Cristina Fonte ◽

Stefania Amato ◽

Camilla Melotti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Verbal Fluency ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Functional Mobility ◽

Motor Dysfunction ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dual Task Condition ◽

Walking Test

The aim of this pilot cross-sectional study was to extensively investigate the relationships between cognitive performance and motor dysfunction involving balance and gait ability in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Twenty subjects with Parkinson’s disease underwent a cognitive (outcomes: Frontal Assessment Battery-Italian version, Montreal overall Cognitive Assessment, Trail Making Test, Semantic Verbal Fluency Test, and Memory with Interference Test) and motor (outcomes: Berg Balance Scale, 10-Meter Walking Test, 6-Minute Walking Test, Timed Up and Go Test performed also under dual task condition, and Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale) assessment. Our correlation analyses showed that balance skills are significantly correlated with executive functions, cognitive impairment, and ability to switch attention between two tasks. Furthermore, functional mobility showed a significant correlation with cognitive impairment, verbal fluency, and ability to switch attention between two tasks. In addition, the functional mobility evaluated under the dual task condition showed a significant correlation with cognitive impairment and ability to switch attention between two tasks. These findings might help early identification of cognitive deficits or motor dysfunctions in patients with Parkinson’s disease who may benefit from rehabilitative strategies. Future prospective larger-scale studies are needed to strengthen our results.

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Clinical Validity of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale in Differentiating Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease and Normative Data

Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders ◽

10.1159/000375365 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 39 (5-6) ◽

pp. 303-311 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Ondrej Bezdicek ◽

Jiri Michalec ◽

Tomas Nikolai ◽

Petra Havránková ◽

Jan Roth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽

Normative Data ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Mattis Dementia Rating Scale ◽

Level Ii ◽

Dementia Rating Scale ◽

Level I

Background/Aims: The aim of the present study was to provide normative data and determine the validity of the Czech version of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale 2 (czDRS-2) in screening for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD-MCI) based on the Movement Disorder Society (MDS) Level II criteria. Methods: For validation purposes, 41 healthy controls (HC), 46 patients with PD-NI (Parkinson's disease, no impairment) and 41 patients with PD-MCI (all groups assessed by the MDS Level II criteria for PD-MCI) were matched according to age and education. Results: With screening and diagnostic cutoff scores determined at ≤139 points, the czDRS-2 showed a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 88% in the detection of PD-MCI versus HC and a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 76% in the detection of PD-MCI versus PD-NI. The AUC (95% confidence interval) for the czDRS-2 was 84% (75-93) and 82% (73-91), respectively. We report percentile values for 286 subjects from the Czech population stratified by education level. Conclusion: Our results show that the czDRS-2 is a valid instrument at Level I for screening PD-MCI and support its construct validity and diagnostic equivalence in a cross-cultural setting.

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Variation of Non-Motor Neurological Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease Patients

Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh ◽

10.3329/jninb.v5i2.43016 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 123-126

Author(s):

Afzal Momin ◽

Md Enayet Ul Islam ◽

Farzana Sharmin ◽

Mohammad Enayet Hussain ◽

Md Azharul Hoque

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Sleep Disturbances ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cognitive Disorder ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Clinical Criteria ◽

Medical College ◽

Patient Department

Background: Different non-motor neurological complaints are reported among the Parkinson’s disease patients. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to see the non-motor neurological complaints of Parkinson’s disease patients. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the in-patient and out-patient Department of Medicine and Neurology of Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital, Dhaka from July 2012 to December 2013 for a period of one and half year. All patients with Parkinson’s disease who were admitted under department of Medicine and Neurology and also who visited out-patient department of Medicine and Neurology of Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital, Dhaka were included as study population. Patients who were diagnosed according to Brain Bank clinical criteria for diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease were included in this study. The non-motor neurological complaints were recorded. Result: This study was conducted in Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital with a view to see the non-motor neurological complaints of Parkinson’s disease. The mean age was found 69.15±10.08 years. Most of the patients had a combination of non-motor symptoms and among them more than two third (66.7%) of the patients had cognitive impairment; furthermore more than half (53.8%) of the patients had sleep disturbance. One fourth (25.0%) of patients had sensory, sleep and cognitive disorder; however, 9(22.5%) patients had sleep and cognitive disorder. Conclusion: In conclusion majority Parkinson’s disease patients are suffering from cognitive impairment followed by sleep disturbances. Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh, 2019;5(2): 123-126

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Relationship between cognitive performance and mobility in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A cross-sectional study

Dementia & Neuropsychologia ◽

10.1590/1980-57642018dn13-040006 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 403-409 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nariana Mattos Figueiredo Sousa ◽

Roberta Correa Macedo

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Digit Span ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Timed Up And Go ◽

Yahr Stage ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Verbal Fluency Task ◽

Trail Making

ABSTRACT Gait disorders may be associated with cognitive impairment, and slow speed predicts cognitive impairment and dementia. Objective: To investigate the relationships between cognitive function and gait performance in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) who attended a hospital neurorehabilitation program. Methods: Descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson’s correlation) were used for data analysis. The cognitive functions were evaluated through Digit Span, Mental Control, Trail Making Test, Phonemic Verbal Fluency Task, and Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III. The motor function was assessed through 10-meter walk test, Mini BESTest and Timed Up and Go Test. Results: A total of 65 patients were included in this study. Of these, 66.15% were males, mean age was 61.14 (8.39) years, mean educational was 12 (8) years, disease progression time was 5.45 (4.37) years. 64.61% were in stages I and II of the Hoehn and Yahr stage. The correlation analyses showed that balance skills are significantly correlated with the ability to switch attention between two tasks and visuospatial function. The function mobility showed a significant correlation with cognitive tests. Conclusion: Data suggest the importance of the aspects of switch attention and mental flexibility in gait, evidencing the greater difficulty for double tasks.

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Parkinson’s Disease, Periodontitis and Patient-Related Outcomes: A Cross-Sectional Study

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina56080383 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 56 (8) ◽

pp. 383

Author(s):

Patrícia Lyra ◽

Vanessa Machado ◽

Luís Proença ◽

Josefa Domingos ◽

Catarina Godinho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Oral Health ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Health Impact ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Periodontal Status

Background and objectives: People with Parkinson’s disease (PD) may be at risk of having bad periodontal status. A consistent periodontal examination is critical to investigate how it impacts on PD quality of life. We aimed to assess the periodontal status of people with PD, and its association with quality of life and self-perceived xerostomia. Materials and Methods: To this end, from February to March 2020, we consecutively enrolled 28 PD individuals, and motor and non-motor symptoms of PD were assessed using the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS). We performed full-mouth periodontal examination and gathered information on self-perceived quality of life in PD, oral health impact profile (OHIP-14) and xerostomia. Results: The prevalence of periodontitis was 75.0% and most cases were identified as severe (46.4%). Upper extremity rigidity, hand posture and kinetic tremors were significantly correlated with worse periodontal status. PDQ-8 showed to be correlated with self-perceived oral health-related quality of life and xerostomia levels. Conclusions: This group of people with PD had a high prevalence of periodontitis. Deteriorated levels of the upper extremities in advanced stages of PD were associated with worse periodontal status and hygiene habits. Quality of life in PD appears to be associated with self-perceived OHRQoL and xerostomia.

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Is there a close association of depression with either constipation or dysosmia in Parkinson’s disease?

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-72381-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ting-Ya Chang ◽

Yi-Huei Chen ◽

Ming-Hong Chang ◽

Ching-Heng Lin

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Close Association ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Olfactory Dysfunction ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Severe Constipation ◽

And Gender

Abstract A possible association between depression and either the severity of constipation or dysosmia in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients was investigated in this cross-sectional study. One-hundred six patients who had the history of PD for less than 5 years were recruited. Depression was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and our patients were divided into depressive and non-depressive groups (DP: BDI-II ≥ 14; n = 22 and NDP: BDI-II < 14; n = 84). Olfactory dysfunction was assessed by the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). Constipation severity was defined by stool softener dosage and amount. Statistical analyses with one-tailed T- or chi-squared test, odds ratios (OR), and beta-coefficient were used to determine significant differences. Total scores based on the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) were significantly higher in the DP group. A significant relationship was observed between PD patients with depression and severe constipation; PD patients with depression were more likely to present with severe constipation (OR 5.81; 95% CI 1.24–27.29, p = 0.026, adjusted for age and gender); but the significance became marginal after adjusted for age, gender and UPDRS part 3 (OR 4.46, 95% CI 0.93–21.33; p = 0.061). However, no association between olfactory dysfunction and depression was detected. There were significant positive correlations between BDI-II scores and severe constipation (β ± SE 7.65 ± 2.02; p = < 0.001, adjusted for age and gender; β ± SE 7.06 ± 2.04; p = 0.001, adjusted for age, gender, and UPDRS-3). Besides, we detected a marginally significant correlation that PD patients with higher BDI-II scores tended to present more severe motor symptoms. Olfactory dysfunction seemed to be less relevant to BDI-II scores. Based on our findings, we speculate that depression may be more closely related to brainstem nuclei than to the limbic pathway.

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Specificity of Cognitive Impairment in Neurological Disease: A Methodological Critique of Parkinson’s Disease

Behavioural Neurology ◽

10.1155/1991/625647 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 89-102 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

H. J. Sagar

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Cognitive Deficit ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cognitive Disorder ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Motor Disability ◽

Patient Groups

Multiple cognitive deficits have been recognized in many neurological disorders but the specificity of the findings and the relationship to the underlying neuropathology remain obscure. Definitions of dementia have been proposed based on symptom profiles of the cognitive disorder and qualitative differences have been claimed between dementias of different aetiology. Some conditions have been claimed to show patterns of cognitive deficit that are distinguished from dementia and related to specific neuropathology or psychological processes, e.g. frontal lobe deficits in Parkinson's disease. Sometimes, a relationship has been established between certain cognitive deficits and particular neurochemical deficits which has led to the notion of specific drug treatment, e.g. cholinergic deficits and memory failure in Alzheimer's disease. However, these conclusions are often potentially flawed by methodological inadequacies. This critique presents some methodological issues relevant to the study of brain-behaviour and drug-behaviour relationships in syndromes of multiple cognitive deficit, using Parkinson's disease as the model. The following recommendations are made: rigid diagnostic criteria; representative patient groups; avoidance of arbitrary quantitative criteria to limit definitions of dementia; matching of groups for overall level of cognitive impairment in the search for qualitative cognitive differences related to neuropathology or effects of particular drugs; the use of suitable controls in patient groups, neuropsychological tests and treatment regimes; the use of specific quantitative tests of cognition, affect and motor disability; and longitudinal, compared with cross-sectional, study design.

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