scholarly journals A Combined Administration of Testosterone and Arginine Vasopressin Affects Aggressive Behavior in Males

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1623
Author(s):  
Dilsa Cemre Akkoc Altinok ◽  
Mikhail Votinov ◽  
Friederike Henzelmann ◽  
HanGue Jo ◽  
Albrecht Eisert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Inferior Parietal Lobule ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
Combined Administration ◽  
Hormone Effects

Aggressive behavior is modulated by many factors, including personality and cognition, as well as endocrine and neural changes. To study the potential effects on the reaction to provocation, which was realized by an ostensible opponent subtracting money from the participant, we administered testosterone (T) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) or a respective placebo (PL). Forty males underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging session while performing a provocation paradigm. We investigated differential hormone effects and the potential influence of Machiavellian traits on punishment choices (monetary subtractions by the participant) in the paradigm. Participants in the T/AVP group subtracted more money when they were not provoked but showed increased activation in the inferior frontal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule during feedback compared to PL. Higher Machiavellian traits significantly increased punishing behavior independent of provocation only in this group. The pilot study shows that T/AVP affects neural and behavioral responses during a provocation paradigm while personality characteristics, such as Machiavellian trait patterns, specifically interact with hormonal influences (T/AVP) and their effects on behavior.

Investigating the Neural Correlates of the Affect Heuristic Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Kenny Skagerlund ◽  
Mikael Skagenholt ◽  
Paul J. Hamilton ◽  
Paul Slovic ◽  
Daniel Västfjäll
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Affect Heuristic ◽  
Medial Frontal Gyrus

Abstract This study investigated the neural correlates of the so-called “affect heuristic,” which refers to the phenomenon whereby individuals tend to rely on affective states rather than rational deliberation of utility and probabilities during judgments of risk and utility of a given event or scenario. The study sought to explore whether there are shared regional activations during both judgments of relative risk and relative benefit of various scenarios, thus being a potential candidate of the affect heuristic. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we developed a novel risk perception task, based on a preexisting behavioral task assessing the affect heuristic. A whole-brain voxel-wise analysis of a sample of participants (n = 42) during the risk and benefit conditions revealed overlapping clusters in the left insula, left inferior frontal gyrus, and left medial frontal gyrus across conditions. Extraction of parameter estimates of these clusters revealed that activity of these regions during both tasks was inversely correlated with a behavioral measure assessing the inclination to use the affect heuristic. More activity in these areas during risk judgments reflect individuals' ability to disregard momentary affective impulses. The insula may be involved in integrating viscero-somatosensory information and forming a representation of the current emotional state of the body, whereas activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus and medial frontal gyrus indicates that executive processes may be involved in inhibiting the impulse of making judgments in favor of deliberate risk evaluations.

Tolerating Ambiguity

2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian S. Hargreaves ◽  
Penny M. Pexman ◽  
Daniel J. Pittman ◽  
Bradley G. Goodyear
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Behavioral Effect ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Ambiguous Words ◽  
Multiple Meanings ◽  
Ambiguity Effect ◽  
Activation Phase

Many models of word recognition predict a lexical ambiguity disadvantage in semantic categorization tasks (SCTs). However, recent evidence suggests that an ambiguity disadvantage in SCT results from a bias in the decision-making phase of the task and not in the meaning-activation phase: Behavioral effects of ambiguity disappear when these decision biases are controlled ( Pexman, Hino, & Lupker, 2004 ). The current study used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the neural correlates of ambiguity in a task that produced no behavioral ambiguity effect (i.e., SCT with a well-defined decision category). Twenty healthy adults participated. Results showed that despite producing no behavioral effect of ambiguity, ambiguous words were associated with the recruitment of cortical structures implicated in top-down modulation of noisy activity (e.g., left inferior frontal gyrus) when compared to unambiguous words. These results are interpreted as evidence that multiple meanings are activated for ambiguous words in SCT.

scholarly journals Activation in the right inferior parietal lobule reflects the representation of musical structure beyond simple pitch discrimination

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Royal ◽  
Dominique T Vuvan ◽  
Benjamin Rich Zendel ◽  
Nicolas Robitaille ◽  
Marc Schönwiesner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Pitch Discrimination ◽  
Musical Structure ◽  
Inferior Parietal Lobule ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Pitch Structure ◽  
Parietal Lobule ◽  
The Right ◽  
Tonal Pitch

Pitch discrimination tasks typically engage the superior temporal gyrus and the right inferior frontal gyrus. It is currently unclear whether these regions are equally involved in the processing of incongruous notes in melodies, which requires the representation of musical structure (tonality) in addition to pitch discrimination. To this aim, 14 participants completed two tasks while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging, one in which they had to identify a pitch change in a series of non-melodic repeating tones and a second in which they had to identify an incongruous note in a tonal melody. In both tasks, the deviants activated the right superior temporal gyrus. A contrast between deviants in the melodic task and deviants in the non-melodic task (melodic > non-melodic) revealed additional activity in the right inferior parietal lobule. Activation in the inferior parietal lobule likely represents processes related to the maintenance of tonal pitch structure in working memory during pitch discrimination.

scholarly journals Neurobiobehavioral responses to virtual social rejection in females—exploring the influence of oxytocin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sina Radke ◽  
Kathrin Jankowiak ◽  
Sanne Tops ◽  
Ted Abel ◽  
Ute Habel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Online Communication ◽  
Social Rejection ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Strong Resemblance ◽  
Physiological Reactions ◽  
Willingness To Cooperate

Abstract In recent years, especially adolescents and young adults interact frequently via social media and digital communication. Mimicking an online communication platform where participants could initiate short conversations with two computerized interlocutors, the Verbal Interaction Social Threat Task (VISTTA) was used to induce feelings of social rejection. Motivational and physiological reactions were investigated in 43 healthy young women undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), of which 22 received 24 international units (IU) intranasal oxytocin and 21 received placebo. Replicating previous findings, social rejection entailed a lower willingness to cooperate with the two peers. Increased activation in the anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral insula/inferior frontal gyrus was observed when receiving negative feedback from others, and in the precuneus when subsequently rating one’s willingness to cooperate with them in the future. Oxytocin did not seem to alter responses to social rejection. The current findings provide validation of the VISTTA for examining consequences of rejection in a virtual social interaction that bears a strong resemblance to online communication platforms.

Temporal Variability–Based Functional Brain Lateralization Study in ADHD

2019 ◽  
pp. 108705471985907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongliang Zou ◽  
Jian Yang
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Brain Lateralization ◽  
Inferior Parietal Lobule ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Left Caudate ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: The aim of this work is to explore the relationship between temporal variability and brain lateralization in ADHD. Method: The temporal variabilities of 116 brain regions based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data were calculated for analysis. Results: Between-group comparison revealed that in comparison with the controls, ADHD participants showed significantly higher temporal variability in the left superior frontal gyrus (medial), left rectus gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule and angular gyrus, and lower temporal variability in the amygdala, left caudate and putamen. Besides, ADHD patients exhibited significantly increased leftward lateralization in the orbitofrontal cortex (inferior), and decreased rightward lateralization in the orbitofrontal cortex (medial) and rectus gyrus, compared with controls. Lateralization indices were also found to be related with clinical characteristics of ADHD patients. Conclusion: Our results may help us deeper in understanding the pathology of ADHD.

Localization of Primary Language Areas by Arcuate Fascicle Fiber Tracking

Neurosurgery ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lennart Henning Stieglitz ◽  
Kathleen Seidel ◽  
Roland Wiest ◽  
Jürgen Beck ◽  
Andreas Raabe
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Primary Language ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Language Areas

Abstract BACKGROUND To reduce the risk of disabling postoperative functional deficit in patients with lesions in the dominant hemisphere, information about the localization of eloquent language areas is mandatory. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the feasibility of arcuate fascicle (AF) tractography for proper localization of eloquent language areas in the superior temporal (STG) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). METHODS Between January and June 2010, we performed surgery in 13 patients with highly eloquent lesions with close spatial relationship to the primary language areas. All of them received preoperative diffusion tensor imaging for AF tractography. The STG and IFG were delineated at the ends of the AF. Five patients underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging of the primary language areas. The results were compared with tractography. RESULTS Tractography of the AF without prior knowledge of the localization of the STG and IFG was feasible in all cases. In the cases with functional magnetic resonance imaging, the activation maps matched the tractography results. In all but 1 patient, preservation of the primary language areas was possible, proven by the good neurological outcome. One patient suffered from a language dysfunction caused by a lesion in the medial and inferior temporal gyrus along the surgical pathway. CONCLUSION Tractography of the AF is a useful tool for identification of parts of the main primary language areas. Using tractography as a localization procedure to determine the primary language areas aids in the delineation of the STG and IFG and thus may help reduce the risk of postoperative permanent neurological deficit.

scholarly journals Decomposing Components of Task Preparation with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Brass ◽  
D. Yves von Cramon
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Task Preparation ◽  
The Right

It is widely acknowledged that the prefrontal cortex plays a major role in cognitive control processes. One important experimental paradigm for investigating such higher order cognitive control is the task-switching paradigm. This paradigm investigates the ability to switch flexibly between different task situations. In this context, it has been found that participants are able to anticipatorily prepare an upcoming task. This ability has been assumed to reflect endogenous cognitive control. However, it is difficult to isolate task preparation process from task execution using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In the present study, we introduce a new experimental manipulation to investigate task preparation with fMRI. By manipulating the number of times a task was prepared, we could demonstrate that the left inferior frontal junction (IFJ) area (near the junction of inferior frontal sulcus and inferior precentral sulcus), the right inferior frontal gyrus, and the right intraparietal sulcus are involved in task preparation. By manipulating the cue-task mapping, we could further show that this activation is not related to cue encoding but to the updating of the relevant task representation. Based on these and previous results, we assume that the IFJ area constitutes a functionally separable division of the lateral prefrontal cortex. Finally, our data suggest that task preparation does not differ for switch and repetition trials in paradigms with a high proportion of switch trials, casting doubt on the assumption that an independent task set reconfiguration process takes place in the preparation interval.

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