Strict and Sloppy Readings of Pronominal Objects in Polish

W literaturze dotyczącej języków południowosłowiańskich pokazano, że klityki zaimkowe w tych językach przejawiajądwuznacznośćpod względem dokładnej i niedokładnej interpretacji. W artykule poddajębadaniu z tej perspektywy polskie zaimki w funkcji dopełnienia, pokazując, że ‒ pomimo iżnie sąklitykami ‒ mogąteżmiećinterpretacjęniedokładną, jeżeli sąosadzone w odpowiednim kontekście. Dane przemawiająprzeciwko podejściu wykorzystującemu mechanizm elipsy, w zgodzie z poglądem, że interpretacja niedokładna nie jest wiarygodnym testem dla struktur eliptycznych. Proponujęzatem alternatywnąanalizę, według której interpretacje dokładna i niedokładna wynikająz różnicy strukturalnej zaimka (odpowiednio PersP vs. NumP), dostarczając przy tym dodatkowych danych wskazujących na wagęrozróżnieńpragmatycznych dla badańnad własnościami interpretacyjnymi różnych typów jednostek nominalnych. Z bardziej ogólnego punktu widzenia dyskusja sugeruje, że dane empiryczne związane z zagadnieniem interpretacji niedokładnej sąniezwykle skomplikowane, przez co konieczne jest zbadanie szerszego spektrum języków i kontekstów w celu rozwikłania wszystkich istotnych zmiennych oraz zaproponowania optymalnego podejścia teoretycznego. ABSTRACT Pronominal clitics in South Slavic languages have been shown to manifest the strict/sloppy reading ambiguity effect. In this paper I examine Polish object pronouns from this perspective, observing that even though they are not clitics, they can still be compatible with the sloppy interpretation if the right type of context is provided. The data speak against an ellipsis-based approach, aligning with the view that the sloppy reading is not a viable test for ellipsis. I thus pursue an alternative analysis on which the strict and sloppy readings are associated with a structural difference in the composition of the pronoun (PersP vs. NumP respectively), offering along the way additional evidence pointing to the importance of pragmatic distinctions in investigations of the interpretive properties of different types of nominal elements. From a more general point of view, the discussion suggests that the empirical picture related to the sloppy interpretation is highly complex, making an investigation of a broader spectrum of languages and contexts indispensable for disentangling all the relevant factors and developing an optimal theoretical approach.

Pengaruh Beban Kerja dan Ketidakjelasan Peran Terhadap Kinerja Pemeriksa Dengan Stres Kerja Sebagai Variable Mediasi Pada Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan Perwakilan Provinsi Sumatera Barat

ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to determine workload and role ambiguity effect on job performance with job stress as a mediating variable. This research was conducted at Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan Perwakilan Provinsi Sumatera Barat. The number of samples taken by 54 auditors. The analytical method used was Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with SmartPLS 3.0 software. The results showed 1) there is a negative and significant effect between workload and job performance, 2) there is a negative and significant effect between role ambiguity an job performance, 3) there is a positive and significant effect between workload and job stress, 4) there is no significant effect between role ambiguity and job stress, 5) there is a positive and significant effect between job stress and job performance, 6) job stress mediate the relationship between workload and job performance, 7) job stress did not mediate the relationship between role ambiguity and job performance. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh beban kerja dan ketidakjelasan peran terhadap kinerja pemeriksa dengan stres kerja sebagai variabel mediasi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan Perwakilan Provinsi Sumatera Barat. Sampel penelitian ini sebanyak 54 orang. Pengolahan data penelitian dilakukan dengan metode Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) dengan bantuan software SmartPLS 3.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1) beban kerja berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja, 2) ketidakjelasan peran berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja, 3) beban kerja berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap stres kerja, 4) ketidakjelasan peran tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap stres kerja, 5) stres kerja berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja, 6) stres kerja memediasi hubungan antara beban kerja dengan kinerja, dan 7) stres kerja tidak memediasi hubungan antara ketidakjelasan peran dengan kinerja.

The Future Ambiguity Effect: How Narrow Payoff Ranges Increase Future Payoff Appeal

Increasing a current payoff’s ambiguity from a precise value (e.g., $150) to a range (e.g., $140–$160) generally reduces the payoff’s appeal, as does delaying the payoff from, for example, now to one year from now. However, we report five studies in which adding small ranges to future payoffs increases future payoff appeal, an emergent property designated the future ambiguity effect. This effect generalizes across various choice sets, payoff levels, and delays, and it prevails even when a future smaller ambiguous payoff is preferred more than a future larger precise payoff. Two underlying processes are proposed and supported: (1) the payoff ambiguity’s explicit risk of receiving a smaller payoff distracts people from the future’s larger implicit risk of receiving nothing, and (2) payoff ambiguity restores some of the excitement lost to the future’s psychological distance. Nonetheless, the future ambiguity effect is not universal, given that larger ranges can reduce and even eliminate it (boundary condition). This paper was accepted by Yuval Rottenstreich, judgment and decision making.

BEHAVIORAL DESIGN: A NOVEL APPROACH TO CREATING ADVANCE DIRECTIVE INTERVENTIONS

The 1.7 million older adults receiving long-term services often do not receive end of life care consistent with their wishes. Advance directives (ADs) can help, yet only one-third of Americans have completed ADs. The limited effectiveness of traditional interventions to increase AD completion may be because they do not address the behavioral aspects of advance care planning. Behavioral Design is an innovative approach that combines design thinking and behavioral economics to identify predictable behavioral bottlenecks and create real-time solutions. This study used Behavioral Design to address low AD completion rates of long-term care residents. Consistent with the Behavioral Design process, an interdisciplinary team compiled evidence from 10 diverse data sources to identify behavioral bottlenecks to AD completion. These barriers were analyzed using the cognitive bias codex to determine behavioral levers for intervention. Informed by these findings, the study team designed multicomponent interventions to address behavioral aspects of AD completion. Four behavioral bottlenecks incorporating ten behaviorally mediated causes for lack of AD completion were identified. For example, AD completion is affected by complexity mediated by hassle factor, choice overload, and ambiguity effect. Three interventions were designed to address these behaviorally mediated causes. For example, the intervention HeAD Start would provide a simple, easy to read AD (addressing choice overload) to residents upon admission (addressing hassle factor) with scheduled follow-up by trained staff (addressing ambiguity effect). Behavioral Design incorporates design thinking and leverages behavioral economic principles to create behaviorally mediated AD interventions. Next steps include testing behaviorally informed designs in practice.

The Background and Perspective of the Development of the 4th Industrial Revolution

Today the 4th Industrial revolution (also called the Digital revolution) embraces the global economy rapidly, becomes a vital part of almost every sphere of life. In the article, a description of the main aspects arousing the development of the Digital revolution if given; its most vital driving factors, challenges and threats for the present economy are characterised. Also, the ambiguity effect of the 4th Industrial revolution is considered; much attention is paid to the outcomes which can be observed today or with the high degree of possibility will arise in the near future in the most important spheres of life: economic, political and socio-cultural ones. The possible ways of overcoming the risks and reducing the influence of threats caused by the 4th Industrial revolution are described. Overall, the problem of digitalisation is considered from the historical perspective.

The Effects of Contextual Priming on the Intelligibility of Semantically Ambiguous Degraded Speech

A significant problem in the area of speech perception is that noisy listening environments often make it difficult to understand what is being said. Furthermore, speech overwhelmingly contains ambiguous words that carry multiple meanings, which can make speech comprehension even more difficult. Previous research has found that spoken sentences containing ambiguous words (e.g. “the woman was told that the mint was used for making coins”) are harder to understand in noise than matched sentences without such words; we call this phenomenon the “ambiguity effect”. The current study examined individuals’ understanding of speech in noisy environments when this speech contains ambiguous words, and how context can influence this understanding. By manipulating the context in which sentences are presented, I examined whether listeners’ interpretation of the sentence can be biased towards a particular meaning, thereby affecting intelligibility. Participants listened to noisy sentences, each of which was preceded by a priming word intended to provide a particular context to the sentence. Two main predictions follow from this study. First, I predict that listeners will be able to understand less from sentences that contain ambiguous words, compared to those that do not. Furthermore, I predict that the priming words will be of greater benefit (particularly related primes) to listeners in understanding sentences with ambiguous words, rather than sentences without ambiguous words. Preliminary findings will be discussed in the presentation. This work will contribute to the current literature concerning how we use semantic information to understand speech in challenging listening environments.