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Reactive metabolites (RMs) are products generated from the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous
substances. RMs are characterized as electrophilic species chemically reactive to nucleophiles. Those nucleophilic
species may be nitrogen-containing bio-molecules, including macro-biomolecules, such as protein and DNA, and
small biomolecules, i.e., amino acids (AAs) and biogenic amines (BAs). AAs and BAs are essential endogenous
nitrogen-containing compounds required for normal development, metabolism, and physiological functions in organisms, through participating in the intracellular replication, transcription, translation, division and proliferation, DNA
and protein synthesis, regulation of apoptosis, and intercellular communication activities. These biological amines
containing an active lone pair of electrons on the electronegative nitrogen atom would be the proper N-nucleophiles
to be attacked by the abovementioned RMs. This review covers an overview of adductions of AAs and BAs with
varieties of RMs. These RMs are formed from metabolic activation of furans, naphthalene, benzene, and products of
lipid peroxidation. This article is designed to provide readers with a better understanding of biochemical mechanisms
of toxic action.
Selective Acetylation of Small Biomolecules and Their Derivatives Catalyzed by Er(OTf)3
