exogenous substances
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2022 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 617-639
Author(s):  
Xiaojing Wang ◽  
Qirong Lu ◽  
Jingchao Guo ◽  
Irma Ares ◽  
Marta Martínez ◽  
...  

Glyphosate (GLYP) is a widely used pesticide; it is considered to be a safe herbicide for animals and humans because it targets 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. However, there has been increasing evidence that GLYP causes varying degrees of toxicity. Moreover, oxidative stress and metabolism are highly correlated with toxicity. This review provides a comprehensive introduction to the toxicity of GLYP and, for the first time, systematically summarizes the toxicity mechanism of GLYP from the perspective of oxidative stress, including GLYP-mediated oxidative damage, changes in antioxidant status, altered signaling pathways, and the regulation of oxidative stress by exogenous substances. In addition, the metabolism of GLYP is discussed, including metabolites,metabolic pathways, metabolic enzymes, and the toxicity of metabolites. This review provides new ideas for the toxicity mechanism of GLYP and proposes effective strategies for reducing its toxicity.


2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengyu Zhang ◽  
Ying Peng ◽  
Jiang Zheng

: Reactive metabolites (RMs) are products generated from the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous substances. RMs are characterized as electrophilic species chemically reactive to nucleophiles. Those nucleophilic species may be nitrogen-containing bio-molecules, including macro-biomolecules, such as protein and DNA, and small biomolecules, i.e., amino acids (AAs) and biogenic amines (BAs). AAs and BAs are essential endogenous nitrogen-containing compounds required for normal development, metabolism, and physiological functions in organisms, through participating in the intracellular replication, transcription, translation, division and proliferation, DNA and protein synthesis, regulation of apoptosis, and intercellular communication activities. These biological amines containing an active lone pair of electrons on the electronegative nitrogen atom would be the proper N-nucleophiles to be attacked by the abovementioned RMs. This review covers an overview of adductions of AAs and BAs with varieties of RMs. These RMs are formed from metabolic activation of furans, naphthalene, benzene, and products of lipid peroxidation. This article is designed to provide readers with a better understanding of biochemical mechanisms of toxic action.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Gaeta ◽  
Marco Cavallaro ◽  
Sergio Lucio Vinci ◽  
Enricomaria Mormina ◽  
Alfredo Blandino ◽  
...  

AbstractAll substances exert magnetic properties in some extent when placed in an external magnetic field. Magnetic susceptibility represents a measure of the magnitude of magnetization of a certain substance when the external magnetic field is applied. Depending on the tendency to be repelled or attracted by the magnetic field and in the latter case on the magnitude of this effect, materials can be classified as diamagnetic or paramagnetic, superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic, respectively. Knowledge of type and extent of susceptibility of common endogenous and exogenous substances and how their magnetic properties affect the conventional sequences used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can help recognize them and exalt or minimize their presence in the acquired images, so as to improve diagnosis in a wide variety of benign and malignant diseases. Furthermore, in the context of diamagnetic susceptibility, chemical shift imaging enables to assess the intra-voxel ratio between water and fat content, analyzing the tissue composition of various organs and allowing a precise fat quantification. The following article reviews the fundamental physical principles of magnetic susceptibility and examines the magnetic properties of the principal endogenous and exogenous substances of interest in MRI, providing potential through representative cases for improved diagnosis in daily clinical routine.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Daniela Fonseca Abdo Rocha ◽  
Pedro Alves Machado-Junior ◽  
Ana Beatriz Farias Souza ◽  
Thalles de Freitas Castro ◽  
Guilherme de Paula Costa ◽  
...  

Cigarette smoke (CS) is the major cause of preventable death worldwide, and it can also cause damage to extrapulmonary organs, such as the liver, mainly due the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The liver is an essential organ for human survival since it is mainly responsible for the body metabolism and among other things and it is the place where many endogenous and exogenous substances undergo biological transformation. Lycopene is a nonprovitamin A carotenoid found in red fruits and vegetables, and its role as a potent antioxidant is well known. In this study, we hypothesized that lycopene could protect mouse liver against long-term CS exposure. Thirty C57BL/6 mice were exposed to twelve cigarette smoke (12 cigarettes per day) for 60 days and pretreated with 25 mg/kg/day or 50 mg/kg/day of lycopene via orogastric gavage. After euthanasia, the hepatic tissue was collected for histopathological, antioxidant defense, oxidative stress, inflammatory, and collagen deposition analysis. Our analysis demonstrated that lycopene results in a suitable outcome to ameliorate the pathological changes, inflammatory and antioxidant profile in a mouse model of long-term CS exposure, and collagen accumulation in the hepatic extracellular matrix. This study demonstrates for the first time that supplementation of lycopene can be a possible pharmacological tool for the treatment of hepatic damage caused by exposure to long-term CS.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
K. Ponnazhagan ◽  
J. Sivakumar ◽  
T. Gopalakrishnan

Background: Liver is the largest gland, accounts for approximately 2.5% of total body weight and also liver called as the metabolic “engine-room of the body.” Liver plays role in both metabolism as well as biochemical transformation. Therefore, it is vital to maintain a healthy liver for overall health and well-being. However, liver is continuously exposed to exogenous substances such as toxins, drugs, and alcohol which can ultimately lead to various liver disorders. Liver diseases today are one of the most fatal diseases globally. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate lipid peroxidation (LPO) and lipid profile levels of Vitamin D and combination with Liv-52 on carbon tetrachloride induced liver disease in rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six adult male Albino Wistar rats weighing 150–200 g were used in this study. Liver disease was induced in rats by administration of Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intraperitoneally at the dose of 1 mL mixed with 50% of olive oil twice a week for 5 weeks, 3 days interval between each dose, after confirmation of liver disease treated with Vitamin D and Liv-52 for 5 weeks. Results: The levels of LPO were significantly decreased in Vitamin D and Liv-52 treated animals when compared with CCl4 induced animals. Total cholesterol, free cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides (TGs) levels were significantly reduced when compared with CCl4 induced rats. However, the levels of ester cholesterol and free fatty acids (FFAs) were significantly increased in Vitamin D and Liv-52 treated animals when compared with CCl4 induced animals. Conclusion: Vitamin D and Liv-52 effectively reduced the LPO levels. Treatment with Vitamin D and Liv-52, the levels of total and free cholesterol, phospholipids, and TGs were significantly reduced and treatment with both combinations highly reduced all these levels when compared with CCl4 induced animals. And treatment with Vitamin D and Liv-52, the ester cholesterol and FFAs levels were increased.


Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1815
Author(s):  
Katarína Valachová ◽  
Ladislav Šoltés

In the minireview presented here, the authors discuss the evaluation of inhibitory effect of substances in the phases of initiation and propagation of high-molar-mass hyaluronan oxidative degradation. The experimental approach should be considered as original since on using a simple experimental assay it is possible to prove both the so-called “preventive” and “chain-breaking” antioxidant activity of investigated water-soluble endo- or exogenous substances.


2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Anna Ploch-Jankowska ◽  
Danuta Pentak ◽  
Jacek E. Nycz

Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most abundant human plasma protein. HSA plays a crucial role in many binding endos- and exogenous substances, which affects their pharmacological effect. The innovative aspect of the study is not only the interaction of fatted (HSA) and defatted (dHSA) human serum albumin with ibuprofen (IBU), but the analysis of the influence of temperature on the structural modifications of albumin and the interaction between the drug and proteins from the temperature characteristic of near hypothermia (308 K) to the temperature reflecting inflammation in the body (312 K and 314 K). Ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. IBU is used to relieve acute pain, inflammation, and fever. To determine ibuprofen’s binding site in the tertiary structure of HSA and dHSA, fluorescence spectroscopy was used. On its basis, the fluorescent emissive spectra of albumin (5 × 10−6 mol/dm3) without and with the presence of ibuprofen (1 × 10−5–1 × 10−4 mol/dm3) was recorded. The IBU-HSA complex’s fluorescence was excited by radiation of wavelengths of λex 275 nm and λex 295 nm. Spectrophotometric spectroscopy allowed for recording the absorbance spectra (zero-order and second derivative absorption spectra) of HSA and dHSA under the influence of ibuprofen (1 × 10−4 mol/dm3). To characterize the changes of albumin structure the presence of IBU, circular dichroism was used. The data obtained show that the presence of fatty acids and human serum albumin temperature influences the strength and type of interaction between serum albumin and drug. Ibuprofen binds more strongly to defatted human serum albumin than to albumin in the presence of fatty acids. Additionally, stronger complexes are formed with increasing temperatures. The competitive binding of ibuprofen and fatty acids to albumin may influence the concentration of free drug fraction and thus its therapeutic effect.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masako Tachibana ◽  
Toshiya Inada ◽  
Masaru Ichida ◽  
Norio Ozaki

AbstractDelirium develops through a multifactorial process and include multiple subtypes with different pathological factors. To refine the treatment and care for delirium, a more detailed examination of these subtypes is needed. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the factors affecting delirium in cases in which hallucinations are conspicuous. In total, 602 delirium cases referred to the psychiatry department at a general hospital between May 2015 and August 2020 were enrolled. The Delirium Rating Scale-revised-98 was used to assess perceptual disturbances and hallucinations in patients with delirium. Multiple regression analysis was applied to determine whether individual factors were associated with the hallucinations. A total of 156 patients with delirium (25.9%) experienced hallucinations, with visual hallucinations being the most common subtype. Alcohol drinking (p < 0.0005), benzodiazepine withdrawal (p = 0.004), and the use of angiotensin II receptor blockers (p = 0.007) or dopamine receptor agonists (p = 0.014) were found to be significantly associated with hallucinations in patients with delirium. The four factors detected in this study could all be reversible contributing factors derived from the use of or withdrawal from exogenous substances.


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