scholarly journals Cellular Mechanisms Participating in Brain Repair of Adult Zebrafish and Mammals after Injury

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Batoul Ghaddar ◽  
Luisa Lübke ◽  
David Couret ◽  
Sepand Rastegar ◽  
Nicolas Diotel
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Adult Zebrafish ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Brain Repair ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Brain

Adult neurogenesis is an evolutionary conserved process occurring in all vertebrates. However, striking differences are observed between the taxa, considering the number of neurogenic niches, the neural stem cell (NSC) identity, and brain plasticity under constitutive and injury-induced conditions. Zebrafish has become a popular model for the investigation of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in adult neurogenesis. Compared to mammals, the adult zebrafish displays a high number of neurogenic niches distributed throughout the brain. Furthermore, it exhibits a strong regenerative capacity without scar formation or any obvious disabilities. In this review, we will first discuss the similarities and differences regarding (i) the distribution of neurogenic niches in the brain of adult zebrafish and mammals (mainly mouse) and (ii) the nature of the neural stem cells within the main telencephalic niches. In the second part, we will describe the cascade of cellular events occurring after telencephalic injury in zebrafish and mouse. Our study clearly shows that most early events happening right after the brain injury are shared between zebrafish and mouse including cell death, microglia, and oligodendrocyte recruitment, as well as injury-induced neurogenesis. In mammals, one of the consequences following an injury is the formation of a glial scar that is persistent. This is not the case in zebrafish, which may be one of the main reasons that zebrafish display a higher regenerative capacity.

scholarly journals Cellular Mechanisms Participating in Brain Repair of Adult Zebrafish and Mammals After Injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Batoul Ghaddar ◽  
Luisa Lübke ◽  
David COURET ◽  
Sepand Rastegar ◽  
Nicolas Diotel
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Adult Zebrafish ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Brain Repair ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Brain

Adult neurogenesis is an evolutionary conserved process occurring in all vertebrates. However, striking differences are observed between the taxa, considering the number of neurogenic niches, the neural stem cell (NSC) identity and brain plasticity under constitutive and injury-induced conditions. Zebrafish has become a popular model for the investigation of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in adult neurogenesis. Compared to mammals, the adult zebrafish displays a high number of neurogenic niches distributed throughout the brain. Furthermore, it exhibits a strong regenerative capacity without scar formation or any obvious disabilities. In this review, we will first discuss the similarities and differences regarding (i) the distribution of neurogenic niches in the brain of adult zebrafish and mammals (mainly mouse) and (ii) the nature of the neural stem cells within the main telencephalic niches. In the second part, we will describe the cascade of cellular events occurring after telencephalic injury in zebrafish and mouse. Our study clearly shows that most early events happening right after the brain injury are shared between zebrafish and mouse including cell death, microglia and oligodendrocyte recruitment, as well as injury-induced neurogenesis. In mammals one of the consequences following an injury is the formation of a glial scar that is persistent. This is not the case in zebrafish, which may be one of the main reasons that zebrafish display a higher regenerative capacity.

scholarly journals The Endogenous Regenerative Capacity of the Damaged Newborn Brain: Boosting Neurogenesis with Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 625-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Donega ◽  
Cindy TJ van Velthoven ◽  
Cora H Nijboer ◽  
Annemieke Kavelaars ◽  
Cobi J Heijnen
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Neonatal Encephalopathy ◽  
Ischemic Insult ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Newborn Brain ◽  
Cerebral Ischemic ◽  
The Brain

Neurogenesis continues throughout adulthood. The neurogenic capacity of the brain increases after injury by, e.g., hypoxia–ischemia. However, it is well known that in many cases brain damage does not resolve spontaneously, indicating that the endogenous regenerative capacity of the brain is insufficient. Neonatal encephalopathy leads to high mortality rates and long-term neurologic deficits in babies worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop more efficient therapeutic strategies. The latest findings indicate that stem cells represent a novel therapeutic possibility to improve outcome in models of neonatal encephalopathy. Transplanted stem cells secrete factors that stimulate and maintain neurogenesis, thereby increasing cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation, and functional integration. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis after an insult is crucial for developing tools to enhance the neurogenic capacity of the brain. The aim of this review is to discuss the endogenous capacity of the neonatal brain to regenerate after a cerebral ischemic insult. We present an overview of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying endogenous regenerative processes during development as well as after a cerebral ischemic insult. Furthermore, we will consider the potential to use stem cell transplantation as a means to boost endogenous neurogenesis and restore brain function.

scholarly journals Targeting Adult Neurogenesis for Poststroke Therapy

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfei Lu ◽  
Anatol Manaenko ◽  
Qin Hu
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Subventricular Zone ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Subgranular Zone ◽  
Brain Repair ◽  
Function Recovery ◽  
Newborn Neurons ◽  
And Function

Adult neurogenesis mainly occurs at the subventricular zone (SVZ) on the walls of the lateral ventricle and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG). However, the majority of newborn neurons undergo programmed cell death (PCD) during the period of proliferation, migration, and integration. Stroke activates neural stem cells (NSCs) in both SVZ and SGZ. This process is regulated by a wide variety of signaling pathways. However, the newborn neurons derived from adult neurogenesis are insufficient for tissue repair and function recovery. Thus, enhancing the endogenous neurogenesis driven by ischemia and promoting the survival of newborn neurons can be promising therapeutic interventions for stroke. Here, we present an overview of the process of adult neurogenesis and the potential of stroke-induced neurogenesis on brain repair.

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis: an important target associated with antidepressant effects of exercise

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 693-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Sun ◽  
Qingshan Sun ◽  
Jinshun Qi
Keyword(s):  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Antidepressant Effects ◽  
Exercise Activity ◽  
The Brain

AbstractDepression is a prevalent devastating mental disorder that affects the normal life of patients and brings a heavy burden to whole society. Although many efforts have been made to attenuate depressive/anxiety symptoms, the current clinic antidepressants have limited effects. Scientists have long been making attempts to find some new strategies that can be applied as the alternative antidepressant therapy. Exercise, a widely recognized healthy lifestyle, has been suggested as a therapy that can relieve psychiatric stress. However, how exercise improves the brain functions and reaches the antidepressant target needs systematic summarization due to the complexity and heterogeneous feature of depression. Brain plasticity, especially adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus, is an important neurophysiology to facilitate animals for neurogenesis can occur in not only humans. Many studies indicated that an appropriate level of exercise can promote neurogenesis in the adult brains. In this article, we provide information about the antidepressant effects of exercise and its implications in adult neurogenesis. From the neurogenesis perspective, we summarize evidence about the effects of exercise in enhancing neurogenesis in the hippocampus through regulating growth factors, neurotrophins, neurotransmitters and metabolism as well as inflammations. Taken together, a large number of published works indicate the multiple benefits of exercise in the brain functions of animals, particularly brain plasticity like neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. Therefore, a new treatment method for depression therapy can be developed by regulating the exercise activity.

scholarly journals Broadening the functional and evolutionary understanding of postnatal neurogenesis using reptilian models

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (15) ◽  
pp. jeb210542
Author(s):  
Lara D. LaDage
Keyword(s):  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Postnatal Neurogenesis ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

ABSTRACTThe production of new neurons in the brains of adult animals was first identified by Altman and Das in 1965, but it was not until the late 20th century when methods for visualizing new neuron production improved that there was a dramatic increase in research on neurogenesis in the adult brain. We now know that adult neurogenesis is a ubiquitous process that occurs across a wide range of taxonomic groups. This process has largely been studied in mammals; however, there are notable differences between mammals and other taxonomic groups in how, why and where new neuron production occurs. This Review will begin by describing the processes of adult neurogenesis in reptiles and identifying the similarities and differences in these processes between reptiles and model rodent species. Further, this Review underscores the importance of appreciating how wild-caught animals vary in neurogenic properties compared with laboratory-reared animals and how this can be used to broaden the functional and evolutionary understanding of why and how new neurons are produced in the adult brain. Studying variation in neural processes across taxonomic groups provides an evolutionary context to adult neurogenesis while also advancing our overall understanding of neurogenesis and brain plasticity.

Cellular events during early formation of yolk-sac-derived teratomas

Development ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-240
Author(s):  
H. Sobis ◽  
L. Van Hove ◽  
M. Vandeputte
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Granulation Tissue ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Blastema Formation ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Visceral Yolk Sac ◽  
Poorly Differentiated ◽  
Similarities And Differences

A sequential morphological study of the initial cellular events in teratoma induction by displaced visceral yolk sac after foetectomy in rats was undertaken. This study led to the observation that apart from proliferation of cells displaying definite endodermal or mesodermal characteristics,a population of poorly differentiated cells appeared some days after the surgical procedure. It is very likely that these poorly differentiated cells are stem cells from which differentiated structures originate afterwards by a process of redifferentiation. The development of granulation tissue rich in capillaries seems to enhance this process. Similarities and differences with blastema formation are discussed.

Adult Neurogenesis: Lessons from Crayfish and the Elephant in the Room

2016 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara S. Beltz ◽  
Georg Brenneis ◽  
Jeanne L. Benton
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Neural Precursor ◽  
Neural Precursors ◽  
Neurogenic Niche ◽  
Fetal Microchimerism ◽  
The Brain

The 1st-generation neural precursors in the crustacean brain are functionally analogous to neural stem cells in mammals. Their slow cycling, migration of their progeny, and differentiation of their descendants into neurons over several weeks are features of the neural precursor lineage in crayfish that also characterize adult neurogenesis in mammals. However, the 1st-generation precursors in crayfish do not self-renew, contrasting with conventional wisdom that proposes the long-term self-renewal of adult neural stem cells. Nevertheless, the crayfish neurogenic niche, which contains a total of 200-300 cells, is never exhausted and neurons continue to be produced in the brain throughout the animal's life. The pool of neural precursors in the niche therefore cannot be a closed system, and must be replenished from an extrinsic source. Our in vitro and in vivo data show that cells originating in the innate immune system (but not other cell types) are attracted to and incorporated into the neurogenic niche, and that they express a niche-specific marker, glutamine synthetase. Further, labeled hemocytes that undergo adoptive transfer to recipient crayfish generate cells in neuronal clusters in the olfactory pathway of the adult brain. These hemocyte descendants express appropriate neurotransmitters and project to target areas typical of neurons in these regions. These studies indicate that under natural conditions, the immune system provides neural precursors supporting adult neurogenesis in the crayfish brain, challenging the canonical view that ectodermal tissues generating the embryonic nervous system are the sole source of neurons in the adult brain. However, these are not the first studies that directly implicate the immune system as a source of neural precursor cells. Several types of data in mammals, including adoptive transfers of bone marrow or stem cells as well as the presence of fetal microchimerism, suggest that there must be a population of cells that are able to access the brain and generate new neurons in these species.

scholarly journals Release of stem cells from quiescence reveals multiple gliogenic domains in the adult brain

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana C. Delgado ◽  
Angel R. Maldonado-Soto ◽  
Violeta Silva-Vargas ◽  
Dogukan Mizrak ◽  
Thomas von Känel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Regional Identity ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Septal Wall ◽  
Spatial Domains ◽  
Multiple Domains ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Receptor Beta

AbstractQuiescent neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) have a regional identity and undergo activation to generate neurons. The domains for gliogenesis are less explored. Here we show that Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor beta (PDGFRβ) is expressed by adult V-SVZ NSCs that generate olfactory bulb interneurons and glia with slow baseline kinetics. Selective deletion of PDGFRβ in adult V-SVZ NSCs leads to their release from quiescence uncovering multiple domains in the septal wall for oligodendrocyte and astrocyte formation. Unexpectedly, we identify a novel intraventricular oligodendrocyte progenitor inside the brain ventricles. Together our findings reveal different NSC spatial domains for gliogenesis in the adult V-SVZ that are largely quiescent under homeostasis and may have key functions for brain plasticity.

Expression of adiponectin receptors in the brain of adult zebrafish and mouse: Links with neurogenic niches and brain repair

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sepand Rastegar ◽  
Avinash Parimisetty ◽  
Nora Cassam Sulliman ◽  
Sai Sandhya Narra ◽  
Sabrina Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Zebrafish ◽  
Adiponectin Receptors ◽  
Brain Repair ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Stem Cells as Drug-like Biologics for Mitochondrial Repair in Stroke

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 615
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Farooq ◽  
You Jeong Park ◽  
Justin Cho ◽  
Madeline Saft ◽  
Nadia Sadanandan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Retinal Ischemia ◽  
Mitochondrial Activity ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Mitochondrial Transfer ◽  
Acute Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
The Brain

Stroke is a devastating condition characterized by widespread cell death after disruption of blood flow to the brain. The poor regenerative capacity of neural cells limits substantial recovery and prolongs disruptive sequelae. Current therapeutic options are limited and do not adequately address the underlying mitochondrial dysfunction caused by the stroke. These same mitochondrial impairments that result from acute cerebral ischemia are also present in retinal ischemia. In both cases, sufficient mitochondrial activity is necessary for cell survival, and while astrocytes are able to transfer mitochondria to damaged tissues to rescue them, they do not have the capacity to completely repair damaged tissues. Therefore, it is essential to investigate this mitochondrial transfer pathway as a target of future therapeutic strategies. In this review, we examine the current literature pertinent to mitochondrial repair in stroke, with an emphasis on stem cells as a source of healthy mitochondria. Stem cells are a compelling cell type to study in this context, as their ability to mitigate stroke-induced damage through non-mitochondrial mechanisms is well established. Thus, we will focus on the latest preclinical research relevant to mitochondria-based mechanisms in the treatment of cerebral and retinal ischemia and consider which stem cells are ideally suited for this purpose.

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