Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue-Derived Adiponectin in Vascular Homeostasis

Studies of adipose tissue biology have demonstrated that adipose tissue should be considered as both passive, energy-storing tissue and an endocrine organ because of the secretion of adipose-specific factors, called adipokines. Adiponectin is a well-described homeostatic adipokine with metabolic properties. It regulates whole-body energy status through the induction of fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake. Adiponectin also has anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties, making it an interesting subject of biomedical studies. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is a fat depot that is conterminous to the vascular wall and acts on it in a paracrine manner through adipokine secretion. PVAT-derived adiponectin can act on the vascular wall through endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. The present review describes adiponectin’s structure, receptors, and main signaling pathways. We further discuss recent studies of the extent and nature of crosstalk between PVAT-derived adiponectin and endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and atherosclerotic plaques. Furthermore, we argue whether adiponectin and its receptors may be considered putative therapeutic targets.

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Perivascular Adipose Tissue Regulates Vascular Function by Targeting Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology ◽

10.1161/atvbaha.120.312464 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (5) ◽

pp. 1094-1109 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Lin Chang ◽

Minerva T. Garcia-Barrio ◽

Y. Eugene Chen

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Smooth Muscle ◽

Vascular Smooth Muscle ◽

Smooth Muscle Cells ◽

Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells ◽

Vascular Function ◽

Muscle Cells ◽

The Body ◽

Adipose Tissues ◽

Perivascular Adipose Tissue

Adipose tissues are present at multiple locations in the body. Most blood vessels are surrounded with adipose tissue which is referred to as perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT). Similarly to adipose tissues at other locations, PVAT harbors many types of cells which produce and secrete adipokines and other undetermined factors which locally modulate PVAT metabolism and vascular function. Uncoupling protein-1, which is considered as a brown fat marker, is also expressed in PVAT of rodents and humans. Thus, compared with other adipose tissues in the visceral area, PVAT displays brown-like characteristics. PVAT shows a distinct function in the cardiovascular system compared with adipose tissues in other depots which are not adjacent to the vascular tree. Growing and extensive studies have demonstrated that presence of normal PVAT is required to maintain the vasculature in a functional status. However, excessive accumulation of dysfunctional PVAT leads to vascular disorders, partially through alteration of its secretome which, in turn, affects vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. In this review, we highlight the cross talk between PVAT and vascular smooth muscle cells and its roles in vascular remodeling and blood pressure regulation.

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Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Inhibit the Plasminogen Activators Secreted by Endothelial Cells

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1661265 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 53 (02) ◽

pp. 165-169 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Walter E Laug

Keyword(s):

Endothelial Cells ◽

Smooth Muscle ◽

Vascular Smooth Muscle ◽

Smooth Muscle Cells ◽

Conditioned Medium ◽

Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Muscle Cells ◽

Plasminogen Activators ◽

Bovine Endothelial Cells

SummaryTPure cultures of bovine endothelial cells (EC) produce and secrete large amounts of plasminogen activators (PA). Cocultivation of EC with vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) resulted in a significant decrease of PA activities secreted by the EC, whereas the cellular PA activities remained unaffected. Secreted PA activities were absent in the growth medium as long as the SMC to EC ratio was 2:1 or higher. The PA inhibitory activity of the SMC was rapid and cell-to-cell contact was not necessary.The PA inhibitory activity was present in homogenates of SMC as well as in the medium conditioned by them but not in the extracellular matrix elaborated by these cells. Serum free medium conditioned by SMC neutralized both tissue type (t-PA) and urokinase like (u-PA) plasminogen activators. Gel electrophoretic analysis of SMC conditioned medium followed by reverse fibrin autography demonstrated PA inhibitory activities in the molecular weight (Mr) range of 50,000 to 52,000 similar to those present in media conditioned by bovine endothelial cells or fibroblasts. Regular fibrin zymography of SMC conditioned medium incubated with u-PA or t-PA revealed the presence of a component with a calculated approximate Mr of 45,000 to 50,000 which formed SDS resistant complexes with both types of PA.These data demonstrate that vascular SMC produce and secrete (a) inhibitor(s) of PAs which may influence the fibrinolytic potential of EC.

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