scholarly journals Microglia-like Cells Promote Neuronal Functions in Cerebral Organoids

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Ilkka Fagerlund ◽  
Antonios Dougalis ◽  
Anastasia Shakirzyanova ◽  
Mireia Gómez-Budia ◽  
Anssi Pelkonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Synaptic Activity ◽  
Repetitive Firing ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
Neuronal Functions

Human cerebral organoids, derived from induced pluripotent stem cells, offer a unique in vitro research window to the development of the cerebral cortex. However, a key player in the developing brain, the microglia, do not natively emerge in cerebral organoids. Here we show that erythromyeloid progenitors (EMPs), differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells, migrate to cerebral organoids, and mature into microglia-like cells and interact with synaptic material. Patch-clamp electrophysiological recordings show that the microglia-like population supported the emergence of more mature and diversified neuronal phenotypes displaying repetitive firing of action potentials, low-threshold spikes and synaptic activity, while multielectrode array recordings revealed spontaneous bursting activity and increased power of gamma-band oscillations upon pharmacological challenge with NMDA. To conclude, microglia-like cells within the organoids promote neuronal and network maturation and recapitulate some aspects of microglia-neuron co-development in vivo, indicating that cerebral organoids could be a useful biorealistic human in vitro platform for studying microglia-neuron interactions.

scholarly journals Differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into functional airway epithelium

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Engi Ahmed ◽  
Mathieu Fieldes ◽  
Chloé Bourguignon ◽  
Joffrey Mianné ◽  
Aurélie Petit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Blood Sample ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Bronchial Epithelium ◽  
Neuroendocrine Cells ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

AbstractRationaleHighly reproducible in vitro generation of human bronchial epithelium from pluripotent stem cells is an unmet key goal for drug screening to treat lung diseases. The possibility of using induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) to model normal and diseased tissue in vitro from a simple blood sample will reshape drug discovery for chronic lung, monogenic and infectious diseases.MethodsWe devised a simple and reliable method that drives a blood sample reprogrammed into hiPSC subsequently differentiated within 45 days into air-liquid interface bronchial epithelium (iALI), through key developmental stages, definitive-endoderm (DE) and Ventralized-Anterior-Foregut-Endoderm (vAFE) cells.ResultsReprogramming blood cells from one healthy and 3 COPD patients, and from skin-derived fibroblasts obtained in one PCD patient, succeeded in 100% of samples using Sendai viruses. Mean cell purity at DE and vAFE stages was greater than 80%, assessed by expression of CXCR4 and NKX2.1, avoiding the need of cell sorting. When transferred to ALI conditions, vAFE cells reliably differentiated within 4 weeks into bronchial epithelium with large zones covered by beating ciliated, basal, goblets, club cells and neuroendocrine cells as found in vivo. Benchmarking all culture conditions including hiPSCs adaptation to single-cell passaging, cell density and differentiation induction timing allowed for consistently producing iALI bronchial epithelium from the five hiPSC lines.ConclusionsReliable reprogramming and differentiation of blood-derived hiPSCs into mature and functional iALI bronchial epithelium is ready for wider use and this will allow better understanding lung disease pathogenesis and accelerating the development of novel gene therapies and drug discovery.

Δημιουργία, in vitro πολλαπλασιασμός και διαφοροποίηση ανθρώπινων επαγόμενων πολυδύναμων βλαστοκυττάρων

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ιωάννα Βαρελά
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

Η ανακάλυψη της μεθόδου του κυτταρικού επαναπρογραμματισμού ανθρώπινων δερματικών ινοβλαστών σε επαγόμενα πολυδύναμα βλαστοκύτταρα (induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSCs) το 2007 άνοιξε το δρόμο για τη μελέτη και την εξατομικευμένη θεραπεία πολλών χρόνιων νόσων. Επιδιώξαμε να δημιουργήσουμε iPS - κυτταρικές σειρές επαναπρογραμματίζοντας μεσεγχυματικά στρωματικά κύτταρα (mesenchymal stromal cells, MSCs) μυελού των οστών, μέσω μιας μεθόδου επαναπρογραμματισμού χωρίς ενσωμάτωση γονιδίων στο γενετικό υλικό των κυττάρων. Δερματικοί ινοβλάστες από φυσιολογικούς δότες και μεσεγχυματικά στρωματικά κύτταρα μυελού των οστών από φυσιολογικό δότη μεταμόσχευσης μυελού των οστών και από ασθενή με β-Μεσογειακή αναιμία (β-ΜΑ) διαμολύνθηκαν, μέσω λιποσωματικών φορέων, με συνθετικά mRNA που κωδικοποιούν τους μεταγραφικούς παράγοντες Oct4, Klf4, Sox2, Lin28, c-Myc. Στη συνέχεια, τα κύτταρα ελέγχθηκαν σε καλλιέργειες για τον σχηματισμό αποικιών πολυδύναμων βλαστοκυττάρων. Οι αποικίες απομονώθηκαν και με συνεχείς ανακαλλιέργειες δημιουργήθηκαν κυτταρικές σειρές, οι οποίες εξετάστηκαν για την πολυδυναμία τους με μεθόδους ανίχνευσης της έκφρασης των μεταγραφικών παραγόντων πολυδυναμίας (κυτταρομετρία ροής, RT-PCR, μελέτη του μεταγραφώματος με RNA μικροσυστοιχίες). Ως θετικός μάρτυρας και μέτρο σύγκρισης χρησιμοποιήθηκε πολύ καλά χαρακτηρισμένη εμβρυονική σειρά πολυδύναμων βλαστοκυττάρων. Οι iPS-κυτταρικές σειρές μελετήθηκαν, επίσης, ως προς τη λειτουργική τους πολυδυναμία με τον έλεγχο της ικανότητας τους να δημιουργούν in vitro εμβρυϊκά σωματίδια και in vivo τερατώματα μετά από υποδόρια εμφύτευση τους σε ανοσοανεπαρκείς ποντικούς, και ως προς τη δυνατότητα διαφοροποίησής τους σε αιμοποιητικά προγονικά κύτταρα. Η γενετική σταθερότητα των κυτταρικών σειρών ελέγχθηκε με DNA μικροσυστοιχίες συγκριτικού γονιδιωματικού υβριδισμού (aCGH). Απομονώθηκαν 3 iPS κυτταρικές σειρές από κάθε δείγμα κυττάρων, οι οποίες εμφανίζουν μεταγράφωμα πανομοιότυπο με εκείνο των πολυδύναμων εμβρυονικών βλαστοκυττάρων και. δημιουργούν εμβρυϊκά σωματίδια in vitro και τερατώματα in vivo, τα οποία αποτελούνται από ιστούς καταγωγής και από τα τρία βλαστικά δέρματα. Τα iPSCs των κυτταρικών σειρών πολλαπλασιάζονται για μεγάλο χρονικό διάστημα χωρίς μορφολογικές ενδείξες διαφοροποίησης. Με τη μέθοδο aCGH, στις iPS κυτταρικές σειρές μετά την 10η ανακαλλιέργεια ανιχνεύθηκαν πολυμορφισμοί στον αριθμό αντιγράφων (CNVs), τα οποία ήταν ελλείμματα μεγέθους περίπου 3 Mb. Η διαφοροποίηση των iPSCs σε αιμοποιητικά προγονικά κύτταρα οδήγησε στην παραγωγή CD34+ κυττάρων σε ποσοστό 8-10% των παραχθέντων κυττάρων με ασθενούς έντασης συνέκφραση του CD45, προσομοιάζοντας στο αιμαγγειακό στελεχιαίο κύτταρο. Στην παρούσα διατριβή παρουσιάζεται, για πρώτη φορά στην Ελλάδα, εξ όσων γνωρίζουμε, η τεχνολογία παραγωγής ανθρώπινων iPSCs με μια ασφαλή και αξιόπιστη μέθοδο. Οι iPSCs-κυτταρικές σειρές μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθούν στη μελέτη ασθενειών, στον έλεγχο φαρμάκων και στην ανάπτυξη πρωτοκόλλων ιστικής μηχανικής και κυτταρικής θεραπείας.

scholarly journals Reconstitution of prospermatogonial specification in vitro from human induced pluripotent stem cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Sun Hwang ◽  
Shinnosuke Suzuki ◽  
Yasunari Seita ◽  
Jumpei Ito ◽  
Yuka Sakata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cell ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Germline Development ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

Abstract Establishment of spermatogonia throughout the fetal and postnatal period is essential for production of spermatozoa and male fertility. Here, we establish a protocol for in vitro reconstitution of human prospermatogonial specification whereby human primordial germ cell (PGC)-like cells differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells are further induced into M-prospermatogonia-like cells and T1 prospermatogonia-like cells (T1LCs) using long-term cultured xenogeneic reconstituted testes. Single cell RNA-sequencing is used to delineate the lineage trajectory leading to T1LCs, which closely resemble human T1-prospermatogonia in vivo and exhibit gene expression related to spermatogenesis and diminished proliferation, a hallmark of quiescent T1 prospermatogonia. Notably, this system enables us to visualize the dynamic and stage-specific regulation of transposable elements during human prospermatogonial specification. Together, our findings pave the way for understanding and reconstructing human male germline development in vitro.

scholarly journals Optimized Protocol to Generate Spinal Motor Neuron Cells from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Charcot Marie Tooth Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 407
Author(s):  
Pierre-Antoine Faye ◽  
Nicolas Vedrenne ◽  
Federica Miressi ◽  
Marion Rassat ◽  
Sergii Romanenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Charcot Marie Tooth ◽  
Charcot Marie Tooth Disease ◽  
Spinal Motor ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

Modelling rare neurogenetic diseases to develop new therapeutic strategies is highly challenging. The use of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is a powerful approach to obtain specialized cells from patients. For hereditary peripheral neuropathies, such as Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT) Type II, spinal motor neurons (MNs) are impaired but are very difficult to study. Although several protocols are available to differentiate hiPSCs into neurons, their efficiency is still poor for CMT patients. Thus, our goal was to develop a robust, easy, and reproducible protocol to obtain MNs from CMT patient hiPSCs. The presented protocol generates MNs within 20 days, with a success rate of 80%, using specifically chosen molecules, such as Sonic Hedgehog or retinoic acid. The timing and concentrations of the factors used to induce differentiation are crucial and are given hereby. We then assessed the MNs by optic microscopy, immunocytochemistry (Islet1/2, HB9, Tuj1, and PGP9.5), and electrophysiological recordings. This method of generating MNs from CMT patients in vitro shows promise for the further development of assays to understand the pathological mechanisms of CMT and for drug screening.

scholarly journals Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as Vasculature Forming Entities

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Palladino ◽  
Isabella Mavaro ◽  
Carmela Pizzoleo ◽  
Elena De Felice ◽  
Carla Lucini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

Tissue engineering (TE) pursues the ambitious goal to heal damaged tissues. One of the most successful TE approaches relies on the use of scaffolds specifically designed and fabricated to promote tissue growth. During regeneration the guidance of biological events may be essential to sustain vasculature neoformation inside the engineered scaffold. In this context, one of the most effective strategies includes the incorporation of vasculature forming cells, namely endothelial cells (EC), into engineered constructs. However, the most common EC sources currently available, intended as primary cells, are affected by several limitations that make them inappropriate to personalized medicine. Human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (hiPSC), since the time of their discovery, represent an unprecedented opportunity for regenerative medicine applications. Unfortunately, human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Endothelial Cells (hiPSC-ECs) still display significant safety issues. In this work, we reviewed the most effective protocols to induce pluripotency, to generate cells displaying the endothelial phenotype and to perform an efficient and safe cell selection. We also provide noteworthy examples of both in vitro and in vivo applications of hiPSC-ECs in order to highlight their ability to form functional blood vessels. In conclusion, we propose hiPSC-ECs as the preferred source of endothelial cells currently available in the field of personalized regenerative medicine.

scholarly journals Generation of male germ cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells): an in vitro and in vivo study

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 574-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Zhu ◽  
Hong-Liang Hu ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Shi Yang ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Ips Cells ◽  
In Vivo Study ◽  
Male Germ Cells ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

scholarly journals Exogenous LIN28 Is Required for the Maintenance of Self-Renewal and Pluripotency in Presumptive Porcine-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warunya Chakritbudsabong ◽  
Somjit Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan ◽  
Ladawan Sariya ◽  
Sirikron Pamonsupornvichit ◽  
Joao N. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Embryoid Bodies ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Fetal Fibroblasts ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

Porcine species have been used in preclinical transplantation models for assessing the efficiency and safety of transplants before their application in human trials. Porcine-induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) are traditionally established using four transcription factors (4TF): OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and C-MYC. However, the inefficiencies in the reprogramming of piPSCs and the maintenance of their self-renewal and pluripotency remain challenges to be resolved. LIN28 was demonstrated to play a vital role in the induction of pluripotency in humans. To investigate whether this factor is similarly required by piPSCs, the effects of adding LIN28 to the 4TF induction method (5F approach) on the efficiency of piPSC reprogramming and maintenance of self-renewal and pluripotency were examined. Using a retroviral vector, porcine fetal fibroblasts were transfected with human OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and C-MYC with or without LIN28. The colony morphology and chromosomal stability of these piPSC lines were examined and their pluripotency properties were characterized by investigating both their expression of pluripotency-associated genes and proteins and in vitro and in vivo differentiation capabilities. Alkaline phosphatase assay revealed the reprogramming efficiencies to be 0.33 and 0.17% for the 4TF and 5TF approaches, respectively, but the maintenance of self-renewal and pluripotency until passage 40 was 6.67 and 100%, respectively. Most of the 4TF-piPSC colonies were flat in shape, showed weak positivity for alkaline phosphatase, and expressed a significantly high level of SSEA-4 protein, except for one cell line (VSMUi001-A) whose properties were similar to those of the 5TF-piPSCs; that is, tightly packed and dome-like in shape, markedly positive for alkaline phosphatase, and expressing endogenous pluripotency genes (pOCT4, pSOX2, pNANOG, and pLIN28), significantly high levels of pluripotent proteins (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, LIN28, and SSEA-1), and a significantly low level of SSEA-4 protein. VSMUi001-A and all 5F-piPSC lines formed embryoid bodies, underwent spontaneous cardiogenic differentiation with cardiac beating, expressed cardiomyocyte markers, and developed teratomas. In conclusion, in addition to the 4TF, LIN28 is required for the effective induction of piPSCs and the maintenance of their long-term self-renewal and pluripotency toward the development of all germ layers. These piPSCs have the potential applicability for veterinary science.

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