scholarly journals Allergen Immunotherapy: Current and Future Trends

Cells ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Gandhi F. Pavón-Romero ◽  
Maria Itzel Parra-Vargas ◽  
Fernando Ramírez-Jiménez ◽  
Esmeralda Melgoza-Ruiz ◽  
Nancy H. Serrano-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Allergen Immunotherapy ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Insect Venom ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Immunological Effects ◽  
Allergen Identification ◽  
Disease Modifying Treatment

Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the sole disease-modifying treatment for allergic rhinitis; it prevents rhinitis from progressing to asthma and lowers medication use. AIT against mites, insect venom, and certain kinds of pollen is effective. The mechanism of action of AIT is based on inducing immunological tolerance characterized by increased IL-10, TGF-β, and IgG4 levels and Treg cell counts. However, AIT requires prolonged schemes of administration and is sometimes associated with adverse reactions. Over the last decade, novel forms of AIT have been developed, focused on better allergen identification, structural modifications to preserve epitopes for B or T cells, post-traductional alteration through chemical processes, and the addition of adjuvants. These modified allergens induce clinical-immunological effects similar to those mentioned above, increasing the tolerance to other related allergens but with fewer side effects. Clinical studies have shown that molecular AIT is efficient in treating grass and birch allergies. This article reviews the possibility of a new AIT to improve the treatment of allergic illness.

Comparison of International Systemic Adverse Reactions Due to Allergen Immunotherapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1298-1305.e3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Vidal ◽  
Pablo Rodríguez del Río ◽  
Francisco Gude ◽  
Thomas Casale ◽  
Linda Cox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Allergen Immunotherapy

CONTRIBUTION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELLING TO ELUCIDATION OF AIDS PATHOGENESIS

1993 ◽  
Vol 01 (04) ◽  
pp. 349-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
TOMÁŠ HRABA ◽  
JAROSLAV DOLEŽAL
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Mathematical Modelling ◽  
Immune Reaction ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Lymphocyte Depletion ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Hiv Research

Although HIV is cytopathogenic for CD4+ lymphocytes in vitro, the depletion of these cells in HIV-infected individuals seems to be caused by some other mechanism. It is probably a direct destructive or inhibitory effect of the viral products or an (auto)immune reaction elicited by them, eventually directed at them. Mathematical model of immunological tolerance was used for simulation of CD4+ lymphocyte depletion dynamics in HIV infection under the assumption that it is caused by HIV products. This model was not able to simulate the observed three-stage dynamics of CD4+ cell counts, i.e., drop of these counts around seroconversion, followed by a slow decrease over a prolonged period and an accelerated decrease before the development of AIDS. When an immune reaction limiting HIV reproduction was included in the model, all these three phases of CD4+ lymphocyte depletion could be simulated. In the paper, different modifications and extensions of the model are reviewed, compared with available clinical data, and their relevance for HIV research is discussed.

scholarly journals Activity of the chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine and mefloquine in front of the SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
Elin Manrique Julio ◽  
Belkis Palacio Villalba ◽  
Elías Alberto Bedoya Marrugo ◽  
Marlene Duran Lengua
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Cardiac Toxicity ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Neurotoxic Effect ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
White Blood Cell Counts ◽  
Available Information

Introduction: Identifying the main advances in the pharmacological and clinical management of the pandemic COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, the most recent and currently taking lives worldwide, is to priority of the scientific community that to date have rehearsed and joined efforts in order to respond with effective treatments that stop the progression of the viral infection and manage to recover the patient. Objective: To document available information on the effects of the antimalarials chloroquine / hydroxychloroquine and mefloquine in severe acute respiratory syndrome, generated by SARS CoV-2, according to updates of the best scientific evidence, according to the evolution of the epidemic. Material and Methods: Descriptive documentary study consisting of the selection and review of scientific material whose subject is COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 based on published evidence from bibliographic sources seeking different therapeutic options to combat the disease at the same time ace necessary preventive measures plough implemented worldwide. The databases consulted were Scopus, Head office Pubmed and Scielo. Results: 132 articles related to the search were obtained in the first instance, of which they were filtered and prioritized by thematic relevance until 60 articles with to broad relationship were located. The largest number of articles was published between 2015 and 2020 (n = 26; 43.3%). It have been shown that the mechanism of today's SARS-CoV-2 is similar to that of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, in the same way; they share the symptoms shown by patients with COVID-19 such ace: fever, non-productive cough, dyspnea, myalgia, fatigue, normal or decreased white blood cell counts. Conclusions: The activity of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in viruses is the same since the mechanism of action of these two molecules is identical. Given the pandemic, the use of these drugs is suggested in the management of patients with SARS CoV-2 / COVID-19 infection that have no contraindication for their use and the cardiac toxicity derived from these ace to cause of mortality should not be forgotten, due to what therapy must be individualized. The mefloquine is not recommended due to its neurotoxic effect and association with neuropsychiatric adverse reactions.

scholarly journals A study of common aero-allergen in Mewar region, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 410 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Matta ◽  
Priyank Jain ◽  
M. L. Ved
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Allergen Immunotherapy ◽  
Causative Factor ◽  
Positive Skin ◽  
Dust Mite ◽  
The Common ◽  
Disease Modifying ◽  
Allergen Extracts ◽  
Disease Modifying Treatment

Background: Aero-allergens are important causative factor in pathogenesis of allergic respiratory diseases (Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis). Present study aimed to identify the common aeroallergens in Mewar region, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.Methods: Intradermal allergic testing done on 1050 respiratory allergic patients in last 15 yrs (2002 to 2016) by kit containing 125 allergen extracts includes pollen, fungi, insects, dust, dander’s, fabrics, feathers and wood. In 1020 patients (after excluding 30 patients), marked positive skin reaction (3+/4+) to one or more aeroallergen noted.Results: Most common aero allergens found were pollens (62%), woods (58.5%), dander (52%), insects (45%), dust mite (44.2%) and fungi (38.4%). Among pollens most common allergens were Holoptelia integrifolia, Parthenium hysterophorn, Cynodon. Among fungi aspergillus and candida species were most common. Cockroach and fly were predominant insects.Conclusions: Role of allergen testing have important role in management of allergic respiratory diseases as allergen immunotherapy or desensitization is only disease modifying treatment.

scholarly journals Inhibitory effect of okadaic acid derivatives on protein phosphatases. A study on structure-affinity relationship

1992 ◽  
Vol 284 (2) ◽  
pp. 539-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Takai ◽  
M Murata ◽  
K Torigoe ◽  
M Isobe ◽  
G Mieskes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Okadaic Acid ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Protein Phosphatases ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Confidence Limits ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Structural Modifications

The effect of structural modifications of okadaic acid (OA), a polyether C38 fatty acid, was studied on its inhibitory activity toward type 1 and type 2A protein phosphatases (PP1 and PP2A) by using OA derivatives obtained either by isolation from natural sources or by chemical processes. The dissociation constant (Ki) for the interaction of OA with PP2A was estimated to be 30 (26-33) nM [median (95% confidence limits)]. The OA derivatives used and their affinity for PP2A, expressed as Ki (in brackets) were as follows: 35-methyl-OA (DTX1) [19 (12-25) pM], OA-9,10-episulphide (acanthifolicin) [47 (25-60) pM], 7-deoxy-OA [69 (31-138) pM], 14,15-dihydro-OA [315 (275-360) pM], 2-deoxy-OA [899 (763-1044) pM], 7-O-palmitoyl-OA [greater than 100 nM], 7-O-palmitoyl-DTX1 [greater than 100 nM], methyl okadate [much greater than 100 nM], 2-oxo-decarboxy-OA [much greater than 100 nM] and the C-15-C-38 fragment of OA [much greater than 100 nM]. The sequence of the affinity of these derivatives for PP1 was essentially the same as that observed with PP2A, although the absolute values of Ki were very different for the enzymes. The inhibitory effect of OA on PP2A was reversed by applying a murine monoclonal antibody against OA, which recognizes modifications of the 7-hydroxyl group of the OA molecule. It has been shown by n.m.r. spectroscopy and X-ray analysis that one end (C-1-C-24) of the OA molecule assumes a circular conformation. The present results suggest the importance of the conformation for the inhibitory action of OA on the protein phosphatases. The ratios of the Ki values for PP1 to that for PP2A, which were within the range 10(3)-10(4), tended to be smaller for the derivatives with lower affinity, indicating that the structural changes in OA impaired the affinity for PP2A more strongly than that for PP1.

Tolerance phenomena in birds

1956 ◽  
Vol 146 (922) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Guinea Fowl ◽  
Complete Suppression ◽  
After Effects ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Immunological Effects

On this occasion I should like to speak about some of the recent research which has been carried out at our laboratory in Prague. We have continued our work on the immunological effects of embryonic parabiosis in birds and have made new analyses of the phenomenon of immunological tolerance. In our earlier work, when studying the after-effects of embryonic parabiosis between birds of the same species, we observed a complete suppression of agglutinin formation (Hašek 1953). Later we confirmed the results of Billingham, Brent & Medawar (1953) by showing that embryonic parabiosis causes tolerance of skin homografts (Hašek 1954). Embryonic parabiosis brings about an immunological tolerance which persists for a long time, sometimes perhaps throughout the individual’s life. Persistence of immunological tolerance has sometimes been observed even in birds 2 to 3 years of age. Billingham et al . (1956) described the occurrence of persistent blood chimerism after experimental embryonic parabiosis in chickens, an observation similar to that made earlier by Owen (1945) in his study of natural parabionts of cattle. I should first like to draw your attention to our results concerning the persistence of heterologous erythrocytes, and the occurrence of interspecific blood chimeras, after embryonic parabiosis between members of different species. By the 2nd or 3rd week after hatching, foreign red blood cells had already disappeared from the circulation of ducks which had been in parabiosis with hens and of hens which had been in parabiosis with ducks. The same result was obtained in the hen-guinea-fowl and hen-pheasant parabionts.

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