Tolerance phenomena in birds

1956 ◽  
Vol 146 (922) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Guinea Fowl ◽  
Complete Suppression ◽  
After Effects ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Immunological Effects

On this occasion I should like to speak about some of the recent research which has been carried out at our laboratory in Prague. We have continued our work on the immunological effects of embryonic parabiosis in birds and have made new analyses of the phenomenon of immunological tolerance. In our earlier work, when studying the after-effects of embryonic parabiosis between birds of the same species, we observed a complete suppression of agglutinin formation (Hašek 1953). Later we confirmed the results of Billingham, Brent & Medawar (1953) by showing that embryonic parabiosis causes tolerance of skin homografts (Hašek 1954). Embryonic parabiosis brings about an immunological tolerance which persists for a long time, sometimes perhaps throughout the individual’s life. Persistence of immunological tolerance has sometimes been observed even in birds 2 to 3 years of age. Billingham et al . (1956) described the occurrence of persistent blood chimerism after experimental embryonic parabiosis in chickens, an observation similar to that made earlier by Owen (1945) in his study of natural parabionts of cattle. I should first like to draw your attention to our results concerning the persistence of heterologous erythrocytes, and the occurrence of interspecific blood chimeras, after embryonic parabiosis between members of different species. By the 2nd or 3rd week after hatching, foreign red blood cells had already disappeared from the circulation of ducks which had been in parabiosis with hens and of hens which had been in parabiosis with ducks. The same result was obtained in the hen-guinea-fowl and hen-pheasant parabionts.

scholarly journals Cutoff Value for Correcting White Blood Cell Count for Nucleated Red Blood Cells: What is it? Why is it Important?

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. e82-e90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benie T Constantino ◽  
Gilbert Keith Q Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Leukocyte Count ◽  
Nucleated Red Blood Cells ◽  
Cutoff Values ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Wbc Count ◽  
Manual Correction

Abstract Nucleated red blood cells (RBCs) are normally observed in the peripheral blood of neonates and during pregnancy. Under other conditions, the presence of nucleated RBCs in circulating blood indicates disorder in the blood-producing mechanism. The increased presence of nucleated RBCs, however, falsely elevates the leukocyte count, as measured by most automated hematology analyzers, warranting a manual correction of the leukocyte count. For a long time, cutoff values for correcting white blood cell (WBC) count for the presence of nucleated RBCs have been used regularly, particularly in developing countries. However, because those values are largely subjective, they can vary widely between laboratories worldwide. These varied cutoff values include 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50; it appears that the numbers 5 and 10 are the most common values used in corrections; the reasons require further elucidation. In this article, we discuss the merits of correcting the WBC count for nucleated RBCs at certain cutoff points.

scholarly journals THE PRESERVATION OF LIVING RED BLOOD CELLS IN VITRO

1916 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyton Rous ◽  
J. R. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Blood Count ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Long Time ◽  
And Function

In order to determine the availability for functional uses of red cells kept in vitro by our methods, transfusion experiments have been carried out with rabbits by which a large part of their blood was replaced with kept rabbit cells suspended in Locke's solution. It has been found that erythrocytes preserved in mixtures of blood, sodium citrate, saccharose, and water for 14 days, and used to replace normal blood, will remain in circulation and function so well that the animal shows no disturbance, and the blood count, hemoglobin, and percentage of reticulated red cells remain unvaried. Cells kept for longer periods, though intact and apparently unchanged when transfused, soon leave the circulation. Animals in which this disappearance of cells is taking place on a large scale, remain healthy save for the progressing anemia. The experiments prove that, in the exsanguinated rabbit at least, transfusions of cells kept for a long time in vitro may be used to replace the blood lost, and that when the cells have been kept too long but are still intact they are disposed of without harm. The indications are that kept human cells could be profitably employed in the same way.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL BONE MARROW REACTIONS

1927 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulli Lindh Muller
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Initial Level ◽  
Complete Suppression ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Growth Pressure ◽  
Carbon Particles ◽  
Nucleated Red Blood Cells

1. Intravenous injections in rabbits of F. Weber Co.'s Drawing Ink gave the following results: (a) With large doses, an outpouring of nucleated red blood cells, in many instances reaching high values (60,000 to 70,000 per c.mm.), accompanied by a slight initial rise of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, followed by a moderate anemia and in one animal, a severe anemia. (b) With smaller doses the presence of nucleated red cells in the peripheral blood was correspondingly less, the hemoglobin and erythrocytes increasing above the initial level. This increase was sustained for a considerable time, followed by a decrease to or below the initial level. (c) Pregnancy caused a marked suppression, and, shortly before delivery, a complete suppression of the normoblastosis. Nucleated red blood cells reappeared in the blood after the litter was cast. 2. The filtrate of Weber's Drawing Ink, obtained through a Berkefeld filter W, produced the same effects, somewhat enhanced, as the whole ink. 3. The bone marrow of the animals injected with Weber's ink and the filtrate, both showed a marked erythrocytic hyperplasia, with many open sinuses lined with nucleated red blood cells in all stages of maturation. 4. As the dialysed ink gave practically the same results, and the dialysate proved to be without any effect, the conclusion was drawn that a non-dialysable protective colloid was responsible for the marked stimulation of the hematopoietic organs. 5. The delivery of nucleated erythrocytes was interpreted as due to growth pressure induced by rapidly growing red blood cells as well as intrasinusoidal formation of erythrocytes. Pressure due to rapidly increasing phagocytic cells must also be considered. 6. It is fair to conclude that carbon particles as such stimulate endothelial cells mainly toward clasmatocyte formation without incapacitating the endothelial cells, while colloidal silver apparently had a toxic and incapacitating effect on this system of cells.

Effects of brazilin on induction of immunological tolerance by sheep red blood cells in C57BL/6 female mice

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 769-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myoung-Soo Mok ◽  
Sun-Duck Jeon ◽  
Kyoung-Mee Yang ◽  
Dhong-Su So ◽  
Chang-Kiu Moon
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Sheep Red Blood Cells

scholarly journals Macromolecular dynamics in red blood cells investigated using neutron spectroscopy

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (57) ◽  
pp. 590-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Maximilian Stadler ◽  
Lambert van Eijck ◽  
Franz Demmel ◽  
Gerhard Artmann
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Hydrodynamic Theory ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Elastic Neutron ◽  
Water Fraction ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Long Time

We present neutron scattering measurements on the dynamics of haemoglobin (Hb) in human red blood cells (RBCs) in vivo . Global and internal Hb dynamics were measured in the ps to ns time and Å length scales using quasi-elastic neutron backscattering spectroscopy. We observed the cross over from global Hb short-time to long-time self-diffusion. Both short- and long-time diffusion coefficients agree quantitatively with predicted values from the hydrodynamic theory of non-charged hard-sphere suspensions when a bound water fraction of around 0.23 gram H 2 O per gram Hb is taken into account. The higher amount of water in the cells facilitates internal protein fluctuations in the ps time scale when compared with fully hydrated Hb powder. Slower internal dynamics of Hb in RBCs in the ns time range were found to be rather similar to results obtained with fully hydrated protein powders, solutions and Escherichia coli cells.

Hemoglobin crystals of the red blood cells in the human renal cortex: electron microscopic observations of the renal lithiasis

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 480-481
Author(s):  
Kosuke Ueda ◽  
Hiroto Washida ◽  
Nakazo Watari
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Renal Cortex ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Renal Lithiasis ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Hemoglobin C ◽  
First Case ◽  
Ultrathin Sections

IntroductionHemoglobin crystals in the red blood cells were electronmicroscopically reported by Fawcett in the cat myocardium. In the human, Lessin revealed crystal-containing cells in the periphral blood of hemoglobin C disease patients. We found the hemoglobin crystals and its agglutination in the erythrocytes in the renal cortex of the human renal lithiasis, and these patients had no hematological abnormalities or other diseases out of the renal lithiasis. Hemoglobin crystals in the human erythrocytes were confirmed to be the first case in the kidney.Material and MethodsTen cases of the human renal biopsies were performed on the operations of the seven pyelolithotomies and three ureterolithotomies. The each specimens were primarily fixed in cacodylate buffered 3. 0% glutaraldehyde and post fixed in osmic acid, dehydrated in graded concentrations of ethanol, and then embedded in Epon 812. Ultrathin sections, cut on LKB microtome, were doubly stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate.

Densitometric Identification of Primitive Erythroblasts After Reaction With Diaminobenzidine

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 328-329
Author(s):  
John A. Trotter
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Visual Examination ◽  
Hemoglobin Synthesis ◽  
Peroxidatic Activity ◽  
Small Density

Hemoglobin is the specific protein of red blood cells. Those cells in which hemoglobin synthesis is initiated are the earliest cells that can presently be considered to be committed to erythropoiesis. In order to identify such early cells electron microscopically, we have made use of the peroxidatic activity of hemoglobin by reacting the marrow of erythropoietically stimulated guinea pigs with diaminobenzidine (DAB). The reaction product appeared as a diffuse and amorphous electron opacity throughout the cytoplasm of reactive cells. The detection of small density increases of such a diffuse nature required an analytical method more sensitive and reliable than the visual examination of micrographs. A procedure was therefore devised for the evaluation of micrographs (negatives) with a densitometer (Weston Photographic Analyzer).

Scanning electron microscopy of erythrophagocytosis by Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 880-881
Author(s):  
Victor Tsutsumi ◽  
Adolfo Martinez-Palomo ◽  
Kyuichi Tanikawa
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Entamoeba Histolytica ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
Great Capacity ◽  
Scanning Electron

The protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis in man. The trophozoite or motile form is a highly dynamic and pleomorphic cell with a great capacity to destroy tissues. Moreover, the parasite has the singular ability to phagocytize a variety of different live or death cells. Phagocytosis of red blood cells by E. histolytica trophozoites is a complex phenomenon related with amebic pathogenicity and nutrition.

Ultrastructural observations on the in vitro cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum infected red blood cells

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 914-915
Author(s):  
D.J.P. Ferguson ◽  
A.R. Berendt ◽  
J. Tansey ◽  
K. Marsh ◽  
C.I. Newbold
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Amelanotic Melanoma ◽  
Cytoplasmic Process ◽  
Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

In human malaria, the most serious clinical manifestation is cerebral malaria (CM) due to infection with Plasmodium falciparum. The pathology of CM is thought to relate to the fact that red blood cells containing mature forms of the parasite (PRBC) cytoadhere or sequester to post capillary venules of various tissues including the brain. This in vivo phenomenon has been studied in vitro by examining the cytoadherence of PRBCs to various cell types and purified proteins. To date, three Ijiost receptor molecules have been identified; CD36, ICAM-1 and thrombospondin. The specific changes in the PRBC membrane which mediate cytoadherence are less well understood, but they include the sub-membranous deposition of electron-dense material resulting in surface deformations called knobs. Knobs were thought to be essential for cytoadherence, lput recent work has shown that certain knob-negative (K-) lines can cytoadhere. In the present study, we have used electron microscopy to re-examine the interactions between K+ PRBCs and both C32 amelanotic melanoma cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC).We confirm previous data demonstrating that C32 cells possess numerous microvilli which adhere to the PRBC, mainly via the knobs (Fig. 1). In contrast, the HUVEC were relatively smooth and the PRBCs appeared partially flattened onto the cell surface (Fig. 2). Furthermore, many of the PRBCs exhibited an invagination of the limiting membrane in the attachment zone, often containing a cytoplasmic process from the endothelial cell (Fig. 2).

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