scholarly journals An Effective Algorithm of Uneven Road Surface Modeling and Calculating Reaction Forces for a Vehicle Dynamics Simulation

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 535
Author(s):  
Szymon Tengler ◽  
Kornel Warwas
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Dynamics ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Surface Modeling ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Resistance Force ◽  
The Road ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Tree Data Structure ◽  
Real Time Simulations

Computer simulations of vehicle dynamics become more complex when a vehicle movement takes place on the uneven road surface. In such a case two problems must be solved. The first one concerns a way of road surface modeling, and the second one a way of precisely determining a place of interaction of reaction forces of the road on the vehicle wheels. In this paper triangular irregular networks (TIN) surface was used for modeling surface unevenness, and the author’s algorithm based on the efficient kd-tree data structure was developed for determining a place of an application road surface reaction forces. For calculating the reaction forces including rolling resistance force the Pacejka Magic Formula tire model was used. The solution presented in the paper is computing efficient and for this reason it can be used in the in real-time simulations not only for a vehicle dynamics but for any objects moving over an uneven surface road.

PENGARUH PERMUKAAN ALUR KEMBANG (TREAD PATTERN) BAN TYPE RADIAL PLY TERHADAP ROLLING RESISTANCE

ROTOR ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Aditya Krisna Hutomo ◽  
Dedy Dwi Laksana ◽  
Fx. Kristianta
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Resistance Force ◽  
Tire Pressure ◽  
The Road ◽  
Type Complex ◽  
Wheel Rolling ◽  
Surface Contact ◽  
Small Force ◽  
Surface Contact Area

Rolling Resistance is a resistance to the wheels that will and have been rolling due to the force of friction between the wheels with the road surface of the wheel. Rolling resistance is influenced by four factors, that is vehicle weight, road surface, transmission, and tires. This study usefull to determine the influence of tread pattern surface to force and coefficient rolling resistance, tire surface contact area and tire pressure value. In this study using motorcycle tires with size 90/90-17. The tire used is a tire with RIB tread pattern (straight groove) and LUG tread pattern (zig-zag groove). Each type of RIB and LUG tread pattern used each of two tires that is the type of simple tread pattern and the complex tread pattern. From the results of the study showed that the tire with a simple tread pattern will produce a small force of rolling resistance but will result in a larger surface tire surface contact than the tire with the complex tread pattenr. While for the tire with the type complex tread pattern has a greater pressure value that will produce a great rolling resistance force. For tires get the best rolling resistance force is the tire with a simple LUG tread pattern of 10.234 N and followed by a tire with a simple RIB tread pattern type of 10.563 N. Keywords: tread pattern, rolling resistance, rib, lug.

Tire-Road Interactions — Harmony or Conflict?

1989 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-84
Author(s):  
A. R. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Water Drainage ◽  
The Road ◽  
Truck Tires ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Tire Wear

Abstract This is a summary of work by the author and his colleagues, as well as by others reported in the literature, that demonstrate a need for considering a vehicle, its tires, and the road surface as a system. The central theme is interaction at the footprint, especially that of truck tires. Individual and interactive effects of road and tires are considered under the major topics of road aggregate (macroscopic and microscopic properties), development of a novel road surface, safety, noise, rolling resistance, riding comfort, water drainage by both road and tire, development of tire tread compounds and a proving ground, and influence of tire wear on wet traction. A general conclusion is that road surfaces have both the major effect and the greater potential for improvement.

scholarly journals Analisis tekanan udara, sudut slip dan ukuran lebar ban tipe radial terhadap rolling resistance dengan metode taguchi

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilham Habibi ◽  
Dedi Dwilaksana ◽  
Boi Arief Fachri
Keyword(s):  
Taguchi Method ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Slip Angle ◽  
Resistance Force ◽  
Factors Affecting

Rolling resistance is one of the main factors affecting the fuel efficiency of a vehicle. Rolling resistance is resistance to the wheels that will and has been rolled due to the force of friction between the wheels with the road surface of the wheel, due to the deformation process on the tire structure, contact area and road surface. Radial tires are tires where the reinforcing fibers on the carcass are arranged radially, have a greater ability to withstand lateral forces and generally have high ratio aspect ratio, widht smaller than the bias tires. The taguchi method is a new methodology in engineering aimed at improving product and process quality, minimizing cost and time. The purpose of this research is to know the air pressure influence, slip angle and tire width to rolling resistance. The research was conducted experimentally by using taguchi method. The result showed that the highest rolling resistance force accurred at a combination of air pressure of 175 kPa, 9o wheel slip angle and 90 mm widht of tire size of 36.914 N. While the smallest rolling resistance was obtained with a combination of parameters at the air pressure level of 325 kPa, slip angle 1o and the size of the 70 mm tire widht of 11.511 N at 350 rpm and normal load 580 N. From the result it can be concluded that the change in the level of the three air pressure parameters, the slip angle and size of tire width can affect the rolling resistance value.

scholarly journals Proposal of the Tire Longitudinal Characteristics Real-Time Estimation Method

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 811-818
Author(s):  
Yuuki Shiozawa ◽  
◽  
Shunsuke Tsukuda ◽  
Hiroshi Mouri
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Vehicle Dynamics ◽  
Surface Condition ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Force Estimation ◽  
The Road ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
On The Road

For vehicle dynamics control and Autonomous Driving (AD) system, it is important to know the friction coefficient μ of the road surface accurately. It is because the lateral and the longitudinal force characteristics of the tire depend on the road surface condition largely. However, currently, it is difficult to detect tire performance degradation before the deterioration of vehicle dynamics in real time because tire force estimation is usually conducted by comparing the observed vehicle motion with the onboard reference vehicle-model motion. Such conventional estimators do not perform well if there is a significant difference between the vehicle and the model behavior. In this paper, a new tire state estimation method based on this tire longitudinal characteristic is proposed. In addition, the estimator for tire-road surface friction coefficient μ is proposed by using this geometric relationship. Using this method, the friction coefficient value for a real road can be determined from relatively simple calculations. Also, the advantage of this method is that it can be estimated in a small slip region before the tire loses its grip. In addition, this paper explain how to apply and the effect on the actual vehicle.

scholarly journals Criticality Measures to Evaluate the Triggering Decision of Collision Avoidance Functions at Intersections

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Peter Riegl ◽  
◽  
Andreas Gaull ◽  
Michael Beitelschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Dynamics ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Vehicle Safety ◽  
The Road ◽  
Trigger Time ◽  
Critical Situation ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Safety Function ◽  
Traffic Flow Simulation

In order to significantly reduce the amount of testing required to validate the behavior of vehicle safety functions with real vehicles, the scenarios in the simulation must reproduce the traffic as realistically as possible. For this reason, a microscopic traffic flow simulation is used. Since the road users show a perfect behavior by default, driving errors have to be induced. The necessary adjustments in the existing driver models are presented schematically in this paper. These changes in the driving behavior ensure that some road users cause situations that are critical for others. Such scenarios are required as input data for testing vehicle safety functions in a vehicle dynamics simulation. A decisive factor for the quality with which a critical situation can be successfully managed by a vehicle safety function is the trigger time. For this purpose, approaches are presented for estimating the period in which a collision can still be avoided by braking or evasive maneuver. Three intersection scenarios illustrate the functioning of these criteria

An anti-lock braking system algorithm using real-time wheel reference slip estimation and control

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440702110240
Author(s):  
Pavel Vijay Gaurkar ◽  
Karthik Ramakrushnan ◽  
Akhil Challa ◽  
Shankar C Subramanian ◽  
Gunasekaran Vivekanandan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Software ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Wheel Slip ◽  
Road Vehicle ◽  
The Road ◽  
Braking System ◽  
Estimation And Control ◽  
Friction Surfaces ◽  
Abs Algorithm

Knowledge of the tyre-road interface traction limit during braking of a road vehicle can drastically improve safety and ensure stable braking on varied road conditions. This study proposes an optimal reference slip algorithm that determines the road surface while the vehicle is braking, by implicitly tracking the traction limit. It presents wheel slip variance regulation as a potential approach towards reference wheel slip estimation for wheel slip regulation (WSR). The variance regulation approach computes reference wheel slip using past wheel slip estimates and regulates wheel slip variation at a set point. This variance regulation problem was solved using least-squares estimation, yielding reference slip dynamics. A 3-staged nested control architecture was developed with reference slip dynamics to yield an anti-lock braking system (ABS) algorithm consisting of a brake controller, WSR algorithm and reference slip estimation. The algorithm was experimentally corroborated in a Hardware-in-Loop setup consisting of the pneumatic brake system of a heavy commercial road vehicle, and IPG TruckMaker®, a vehicle dynamics simulation software. The proposed ABS algorithm was tested on straight roads with homogeneous surfaces, split friction surfaces, and transition friction surfaces. It ensured stable braking in all road cases, with a 7%–18% reduction in braking distance on homogeneous road surfaces compared to the same vehicle without ABS. The vehicle directional stability was retained on a split-friction surface, and the ABS algorithm was observed to adapt to sudden transitions in the road surface.

Applied Technology in Road Identification Study of Off-Road Vehicle

2014 ◽  
Vol 1022 ◽  
pp. 169-181
Author(s):  
Yu Han ◽  
Guang Wei Meng ◽  
Chao Sheng Huang ◽  
Yan Hao
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Longitudinal Vibration ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Resistance Coefficient ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Road Vehicle ◽  
The Road ◽  
Spectrum Density

To study the problem of the road identification of the off-road vehicle, a road identification method based on on-line monitoring of the vehicle running state was put forward. The time series data of the suspension displacement and the sprung mass were monitored. The spatial power spectrum density was calculated, aiming at automatically identifying the road roughness. The vehicle speed and the longitudinal vibration acceleration were collected, aiming at identifying the terrain slope. The state of the vehicle and engine was recorded. The rolling resistance coefficient was computed, based on the output torque of the engine. Comparing this coefficient with the threshold of the soft road surface, the soft road surface could be identified. On the basis of the identification result of the road feature, the vehicle running mode can be adjusted, improving the maneuverability of the off-road vehicle.

scholarly journals Analisis tekanan udara, sudut slip dan ukuran lebar ban tipe radial terhadap rolling resistance dengan metode taguchi

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
I. Habibi ◽  
D. Dwilaksana ◽  
B.A. Fachri
Keyword(s):  
Taguchi Method ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Slip Angle ◽  
Resistance Force ◽  
Factors Affecting

Rolling resistance is one of the main factors affecting the fuel efficiency of a vehicle. Rolling resistance is resistance to the wheels that will and has been rolled due to the force of friction between the wheels with the road surface of the wheel, due to the deformation process on the tire structure, contact area and road surface. Radial tires are tires where the reinforcing fibers on the carcass are arranged radially, have a greater ability to withstand lateral forces and generally have high ratio aspect ratio, widht smaller than the bias tires. The taguchi method is a new methodology in engineering aimed at improving product and process quality, minimizing cost and time. The purpose of this research is to know the air pressure influence, slip angle and tire width to rolling resistance. The research was conducted experimentally by using taguchi method. The result showed that the highest rolling resistance force accurred at a combination of air pressure of 175 kPa, 9o wheel slip angle and 90 mm widht of tire size of 36.914 N. While the smallest rolling resistance was obtained with a combination of parameters at the air pressure level of 325 kPa, slip angle 1o and the size of the 70 mm tire widht of 11.511 N at 350 rpm and normal load 580 N. From the result it can be concluded that the change in the level of the three air pressure parameters, the slip angle and size of tire width can affect the rolling resistance value.

scholarly journals A Gaussian Process-Based Approach for Handling Uncertainty in Vehicle Dynamics Simulation

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Schmitt ◽  
Justin Madsen ◽  
Mihai Anitescu ◽  
Dan Negrut
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Gaussian Process ◽  
Vehicle Dynamics ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Transportation Safety ◽  
Time Dynamics ◽  
The Road ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Nonlinear Vehicle Model

Advances in vehicle modeling and simulation in recent years have led to designs that are safer, easier to handle, and less sensitive to external factors. Yet, the potential of simulation is adversely impacted by its limited ability to predict vehicle dynamics in the presence of uncertainty. A commonly occurring source of uncertainty in vehicle dynamics is the road-tire friction interaction, typically represented through a spatially distributed stochastic friction coefficient. The importance of its variation becomes apparent on roads with ice patches, where if the stochastic attributes of the friction coefficient are correctly factored into real time dynamics simulation, robust control strategies could be designed to improve transportation safety. This work concentrates on correctly accounting in the nonlinear dynamics of a car model for the inherent uncertainty in friction coefficient distribution at the road/tire interface. The outcome of this effort is the ability to quantify the effect of input uncertainty on a vehicle’s trajectory and the associated escalation of risk in driving. By using a space-dependent Gaussian process, the statistical representation of the friction coefficient allows for consistent space dependence of randomness. The approach proposed allows for the incorporation of noise in the observed data and a nonzero mean for inhomogeneous distribution of the friction coefficient. Based on the statistical model considered, consistent friction coefficient sample distributions are generated over large spatial domains of interest. These samples are subsequently used to compute and characterize the statistics associated with the dynamics of a nonlinear vehicle model. The information concerning the state of the road and thus the friction coefficient is assumed available (measured) at a limited number of points by some sensing device that has a relatively homogeneous noise field (satellite picture or ground sensors, for instance). The methodology proposed can be modified to incorporate information that is sensed by each individual car as it advances along its trajectory.

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