scholarly journals Protein Dynamics and Time Resolved Protein Crystallography at Synchrotron Radiation Sources: Past, Present and Future

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 521
Author(s):  
Jose M. Martin-Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Photon Counting ◽  
Ultrashort Pulses ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Radiation Sources ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Photon Counting Detectors ◽  
Serial Femtosecond Crystallography ◽  
Made In

The ultrabright and ultrashort pulses produced at X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) has enabled studies of crystallized molecular machines at work under ‘native’ conditions at room temperature by the so-called time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography (TR-SFX) technique. Since early TR-SFX experiments were conducted at XFELs, it has been largely reported in the literature that time-resolved X-ray experiments at synchrotrons are no longer feasible or are impractical due to the severe technical limitations of these radiation sources. The transfer of the serial crystallography approach to newest synchrotrons upgraded for higher flux density and with beamlines using sophisticated focusing optics, submicron beam diameters and fast low-noise photon-counting detectors offers a way to overcome these difficulties opening new and exciting possibilities. In fact, there is an increasing amount of publications reporting new findings in structural dynamics of protein macromolecules by using time resolved crystallography from microcrystals at synchrotron sources. This review gathers information to provide an overview of the recent work and the advances made in this filed in the past years, as well as outlines future perspectives at the next generation of synchrotron sources and the upcoming compact pulsed X-ray sources.

Novel high-resolution readout for UV and x-ray photon counting detectors with microchannel plates

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton S. Tremsin ◽  
Oswald H. W. Siegmund ◽  
John V. Vallerga ◽  
Jeff S. Hull
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Microchannel Plates ◽  
Photon Counting Detectors

Time-Resolved Serial Femtosecond Crystallography at the European X-ray Free Electron Laser

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Schmidt ◽  
Suraj Pandey ◽  
Adrian Mancuso ◽  
Richard Bean
Keyword(s):  
Free Electron ◽  
Free Electron Laser ◽  
Crystallographic Data ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Serial Femtosecond Crystallography

Abstract This protocol introduces step by step into the collection of time resolved crystallographic data and their analysis at the European Free Electron Laser.

scholarly journals Characterization of energy response for photon-counting detectors using x-ray fluorescence

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 121902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huanjun Ding ◽  
Hyo-Min Cho ◽  
William C. Barber ◽  
Jan S. Iwanczyk ◽  
Sabee Molloi
Keyword(s):  
Photon Counting ◽  
Energy Response ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Photon Counting Detectors

scholarly journals CdTe Based Energy Resolving, X-ray Photon Counting Detector Performance Assessment: The Effects of Charge Sharing Correction Algorithm Choice

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 6093
Author(s):  
Oliver L. P. Pickford Scienti ◽  
Jeffrey C. Bamber ◽  
Dimitra G. Darambara
Keyword(s):  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Charge Sharing ◽  
Correction Algorithm ◽  
Detector Performance ◽  
Photon Counting Detector ◽  
Photon Counting Detectors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pixel Pitch ◽  
Made In

Most modern energy resolving, photon counting detectors employ small (sub 1 mm) pixels for high spatial resolution and low per pixel count rate requirements. These small pixels can suffer from a range of charge sharing effects (CSEs) that degrade both spectral analysis and imaging metrics. A range of charge sharing correction algorithms (CSCAs) have been proposed and validated by different groups to reduce CSEs, however their performance is often compared solely to the same system when no such corrections are made. In this paper, a combination of Monte Carlo and finite element methods are used to compare six different CSCAs with the case where no CSCA is employed, with respect to four different metrics: absolute detection efficiency, photopeak detection efficiency, relative coincidence counts, and binned spectral efficiency. The performance of the various CSCAs is explored when running on systems with pixel pitches ranging from 100 µm to 600µm, in 50 µm increments, and fluxes from 106 to 108 photons mm−2 s−1 are considered. Novel mechanistic explanations for the difference in performance of the various CSCAs are proposed and supported. This work represents a subset of a larger project in which pixel pitch, thickness, flux, and CSCA are all varied systematically.

scholarly journals GISAXS studies of mesoporous films using a standard laboratory diffractometer

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C883-C883
Author(s):  
Milen Gateshki ◽  
Alexander Kharchenko ◽  
Patricia Kidd
Keyword(s):  
Photon Counting ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Mesoporous Films ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Noise Characteristics ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Silica Thin Film ◽  
Sample Structure ◽  
Set Up

With the increasing number of GISAXS (Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle X-ray Scattering) applications for the investigation of materials surface nano-structures, comes the demand for a mainstream laboratory capability to run alongside the more established synchrotron facilities. GISAXS poses considerable challenges when scaling the method to fit a multipurpose laboratory instrument, including the achievement of good angular resolution at small scattering radius, the reduction of scatter from the direct beam and the observation of low intensity signals. We have developed a hardware solution that addresses these challenges. The recent availability of small size pixel (55 micron) photon counting detectors with very low noise characteristics has enabled the implementation of new 2D imaging GISAXS hardware for a standard 1.8KW laboratory X-ray source. In this work we present a number of results that illustrate the capabilities of the new experimental set-up based on a standard multipurpose diffractometer. We present GISAXS images and analysis of a mesoporous silica thin film with close-packed hexagonal type ordering of the pores. In [1] we have reported reflectometry results and analysis of this sample structure. The addition of GISAXS information demonstrates the versatility of the multipurpose diffractometer and the strength in combining methods on one instrument. Strongly scattering Ti-filled silica mesoporous films illustrate the relative ease with which GISAXS signals can be recorded, including even the weak signal below the critical angle of the sample (fig.1). The scattering patterns from both samples exhibit subtle departures from a simple symmetry, suggesting that the films may exhibit residual strain. Thin films with vertical mesopores provide their own challenges in the observation of scatter close and parallel to the specularly reflected beam. We present results in which scattering from Co-filled mesopore structures with 37nm pitch can be clearly resolved.

scholarly journals Pulse-resolved multi-photon X-ray detection at 31 MHz based on a quadrant avalanche photodiode

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 708-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Reusch ◽  
Markus Osterhoff ◽  
Johannes Agricola ◽  
Tim Salditt
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Avalanche Photodiode ◽  
Single Photon Detection ◽  
Silicon Photodiode ◽  
Photon Detection ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Detection Scheme ◽  
X Ray

The technical realisation and the commissioning experiments of a high-speed X-ray detector based on a quadrant avalanche silicon photodiode and high-speed digitizers are described. The development is driven by the need for X-ray detectors dedicated to time-resolved diffraction and imaging experiments, ideally requiring pulse-resolved data processing at the synchrotron bunch repetition rate. By a novel multi-photon detection scheme, the exact number of X-ray photons within each X-ray pulse can be recorded. Commissioning experiments at beamlines P08 and P10 of the storage ring PETRA III, at DESY, Hamburg, Germany, have been used to validate the pulse-wise multi-photon counting scheme at bunch frequencies ≥31 MHz, enabling pulse-by-pulse readout during the PETRA III 240-bunch mode with single-photon detection capability. An X-ray flux of ≥3.7 × 109 photons s−1can be detected while still resolving individual photons at low count rates.

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