scholarly journals Element Segregation and Electrical Properties of PMN-32PT Grown Using the Bridgman Method

Crystals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sijia Wang ◽  
Zengzhe Xi ◽  
Pinyang Fang ◽  
Xiaojuan Li ◽  
Wei Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Axial Direction ◽  
Element Distribution ◽  
Nominal Composition ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Element Segregation

A single crystal with nominal composition Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-32PbTiO3 (PMN-32PT) was grown by the Bridgman technique. Crystal orientation was determined using the rotating orientation X-ray diffraction (RO-XRD). Element distribution was measured along different directions using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The effect of the element segregation along axial and radial directions on the electrical properties of the PMN-32PT crystal was investigated. It is indicated that the electrical properties of the samples along the axial direction were strongly dependent on the PT (PbTiO3) content. With the increase of the PT content, the piezoelectric coefficient and remnant polarization were improved. Differently, the electrical properties of the samples along the radial direction were mainly determined by the ratio of the Nb and Mg. The reasons for the element segregation and electrical properties varied with the composition were discussed.

Improved Deposition Process of CVD-(Ba,Sr)TiO3 on Ru

2000 ◽  
Vol 655 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tarutani ◽  
T. Sato ◽  
M. Yamamuka ◽  
T. Kawahara ◽  
T. Horikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Bst Films ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
Uniform Composition

Abstract(Ba,Sr)TiO3 [BST] films were deposited by the flash vaporization CVD method with a unique liquid delivery system. An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [ICP-MS] analysis revealed the decline of (Ba+Sr)/Ti molar ratio of the initial BST-layer on Ru. By readjusting the flow ratio of liquid sources and using a two-step deposition method, we obtained 30-nm-thick BST films with uniform composition profile, exhibiting good electrical properties. The leakage property, however, was severely deteriorated in BST films less than 24 nm thick. A SEM observation showed the presence of micro-roughness or micro-hillocks in these films, which were confirmed to be caused by Ru oxidation. Therefore, an annealing process of the Ru electrode was added for its planarization, and the CVD process was also improved. As a result, we obtained smooth and finely crystallized ∼ 20-nm-thick BST films with good electrical properties of equivalent SiO2 thickness (teq) ∼ 0.45 nm and leakage current < 1 × 10−7 A/cm2. We also measured properties of BST films deposited on the 3-D Ru electrode. The results are briefly discussed.

scholarly journals P2O5-Free Cerium Containing Glasses: Bioactivity and Cytocompatibility Evaluation

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3267
Author(s):  
Gigliola Lusvardi ◽  
Francesca Sgarbi Stabellini ◽  
Roberta Salvatori
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Doped Glasses ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Sbf Solution ◽  
Xrd Techniques

(1) Background: valuation of the bioactivity and cytocompatibility of P2O5-free and CeO2 doped glasses. (2) Methods: all glasses are based on the Kokubo (K) composition and prepared by a melting method. Doped glassed, K1.2, K3.6 and K5.3 contain 1.2, 3.6, and 5.3 mol% of CeO2. Bioactivity and cytotoxicity tests were carried out in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution and murine osteocyte (MLO-Y4) cell lines, respectively. Leaching of ions concentration in SBF was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The surface of the glasses were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. (3) Results: P2O5-free cerium doped glasses are proactive according to European directives. Cerium increases durability and retards, but does not inhibit, (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HA) formation at higher cerium amounts (K3.6 and K5.3); however, cell proliferation increases with the amount of cerium especially evident for K5.3. (4) Conclusions: These results enforce the use of P2O5-free cerium doped bioactive glasses as a new class of biomaterials.

scholarly journals Genesis of Pyrite Concretions: Constraints from Mineral and Geochemical Features of Longtan Formation in Anhui Province, Eastern China

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 467
Author(s):  
Qing He ◽  
Yanfei An ◽  
Fangji Sun ◽  
Chunkit Lai
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometer ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Heavy Minerals ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Intense Evaporation ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Major Shift

The occurrence of pyrite concretions in the Permian Longtan Formation sheds light on the paragenesis, formation conditions and regional paleoenvironment. We analyzed the mineral and geochemical characteristics of pyrite concretions using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) from the Longtan Formation shales in Anhui, Eastern China. These pyrite concretions consist of two types, each with a distinct nucleus and outer layer: The former is mainly made up of quartz, bivalve fragments and minor gypsum, ankerite, siderite and pyrite, the latter consists of pyrite (FeS2) in the voids of quartz. Based on the correlation matrix and geochemical/mineralogical affinity, trace elements in the pyrite concretions fall into three groups, that is, I (Sr, Ba, Rb and K) in calcic minerals from bivalve-bearing nucleus, II (Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf) in certain heavy minerals and III (V, Cr, Co and Ni) in pyrites. Mineral assemblage and paragenetic analysis show that the formation of pyrite concretions can be divided into three stages: (1) deposition of bivalve-bearing nucleus, (2) lithification of diatoms and (3) diagenesis of pyrite. Mineral and geochemical indicators suggest that the formation environment of pyrite concretions has undergone a major shift from lagoon with intense evaporation, to strong reducing marsh.

scholarly journals Alterations and Contaminations in Ceramics Deposited in Underwater Environments: An Experimental Approach

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 766
Author(s):  
Uxue Sanchez-Garmendia ◽  
Javier G. Iñañez ◽  
Gorka Arana
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometry ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Chemical Variability ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Mineralogical Compositions

Ancient ceramics recovered after a long burial period have probably undergone several alterations and contaminations, introducing a chemical variability, affecting the ceramic’s natural variability. That is, the chemical and the mineralogical compositions of the ceramic pastes after their deposition will not be the same as they originally were. Therefore, it is known that the alteration and contamination processes, and the discrimination of some elements, should be considered when studying the ceramics to avoid incorrect interpretations about their provenance, technology and the use of the artefact, as well as its proper preservation. In the present work, the authors performed an experimental approach in order to study the alterations and contaminations that occurred in 60 ceramic cylinders buried in two different underwater environments. Once the pieces were taken out from the water environments, they were characterized by a multi-analytical approach. For this purpose, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS) and Raman spectroscopy were used. Newly formed minerals of different forms have been identified, with different crystallization grades. Some examples are the needles, flakes, sponges and long and short prisms composed of several elements such as Ca, F, S and O.

scholarly journals Chemical and Phase Reactions on the Contact between Refractory Materials and Slags, a Case from the 19th Century Zn-Pb Smelter in Ruda Śląska, Poland

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Kupczak ◽  
Rafał Warchulski ◽  
Mateusz Dulski ◽  
Dorota Środek
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Refractory Materials ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Amorphous Phases ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical And Phase Compositions ◽  
The 19Th Century

Slags from the historic metallurgy of Zn-Pb ores are known for unique chemical and phase compositions. The oxides, silicates, aluminosilicates, and amorphous phases present therein often contain in the structure elements that are rare in natural conditions, such as Zn, Pb, As. The study focuses on processes occurring on the contact of the melted batch and the refractory materials that build the furnace, which lead to the formation of these phases. To describe them, chemical (X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)) and petrological ((X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe micro-analyses (EPMA), Raman spectroscopy) analyses were performed on refractory material, slag, and contact of both. Two main types of reactions have been distinguished: gas/fluid- refractories and liquid- refractories. The first of them enrich the refractories with elements that migrate with the gas (Pb, K, Na, As, Zn) and transport the components building it (Fe, Mg, Ca) inward. Reactions between melted batch and refractory materials through gravitational differentiation and the melting of refractories lead to the formation of an aluminosilicate liquid with a high content of heavy elements. Cooling of this melt causes crystallization of minerals characteristic for slag, but with a modified composition, such as Fe-rich pyroxenes, Pb-rich K-feldspar, or PbO-As2O3-SiO2 glass.

Dissolution experiments of Na- and Ca-montmorillonite in groundwater simulants under anaerobic conditions

Clay Minerals ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Myllykylä ◽  
M. Tanhua-Tyrkkö ◽  
A. Bouchet ◽  
M. Tiljander
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Dissolution Time ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Interlayer Cation ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Layer Stacking ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry

AbstractThe effects of simulant groundwater composition, pH and temperature on the dissolution and alteration of Na- and Ca-montmorillonite have been studied. Prior to the experiments, Wyoming type Na-montmorillonite, Swy-2, was purified to decrease the amount of accessory minerals. For Ca-montmorillonite experiments, the interlayer cation Na+ of purified Swy-2 was exchanged with Ca2+. The batch experiments were conducted with the purified montmorillonites in simulated fresh and saline waters at 25°C and 60°C under anaerobic conditions in an Ar atmosphere. The concentrations of Si, Al, Fe and Mg were analysed from ultra-filtered solution samples with High Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS) as a function of dissolution time. The pH evolution was also measured. The solid smectite phases were analysed with X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). XRD analyses indicated that the nature of the smectite mineral did not change over 140 days. However, the experimental conditions, more or less, modified the structure (e.g. the layer stacking of montmorilllonite; the partial dissolution of the smectite), which cannot be detected by XRD but was evidenced by chemical data, and can be considered as a possible contributor to the stacking faults of the montmorillonite. The log rates (mol g–1 s–1), based on the dissolved amount of Si, varied between –10.64 and –12.13 depending on the experimental conditions.

scholarly journals Cerium-modified cryptomelane: an antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2021 ◽  
Vol 947 (1) ◽  
pp. 012027
Author(s):  
Tuyet-Mai Tran-Thuy ◽  
Ngoc-Thuy Nguyen-Thi ◽  
Trong-Phu Tran ◽  
Ngoc-Hung Tran-Le ◽  
Minh-An Dang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Abstract K-OMS-2 (non-modified sample) and Ce-modified OMS-2 with different Ce-loading amounts were prepared by the refluxed method. The cryptomelane structure and elemental composition of synthesized samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. ICP-MS analysis revealed ~0.06 – 0.11 of K/Mn molar ratio and the Ce-loading amounts increased from 0 to —11.27 wt.% under increasing Ce-precursor concentration. Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated by the agar well diffusion method. The antibacterial ability against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was not recorded over K-OMS-2 (Ce0; 4.5 wt.% of K; 0 wt.% of Ce) and Ce3 (0.89 wt.% of K; 11.27 wt.% of Ce) samples while Ce2 sample (1.89 wt.% of K; 8.7 wt.% of Ce) showed a comparable antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with ~12 mm of inhibition-zone diameter. This suggested the potentiality of using metal-modified cryptomelane in acceleration of antimicrobial ability.

Beryllium-Silicon Disorder and Rare Earth Crystal Chemistry in Gadolinite from the White Cloud Pegmatite, Colorado, USA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien M. Allaz ◽  
Joseph R. Smyth ◽  
Rhiana E. Henry ◽  
Charles R. Stern ◽  
Philip Persson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Tetrahedral Site ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
A Site

ABSTRACT Gadolinite, REE2FeBe2Si2O10, is a monoclinic orthosilicate member of the gadolinite supergroup of minerals and occurs in beryllium and rare earth element (REE) bearing granites, pegmatites, and some metamorphic rocks. Gadolinite from the White Cloud pegmatite, South Platte Pegmatite district, Colorado, USA, has been investigated and shows unusually variable REE compositions and distinct Be-Si disorder. Crystal structure and chemistry of two petrographically distinct gadolinite samples from this locality have been studied by electron microprobe chemical analysis, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Within these samples, the gadolinite was found to range from gadolinite-(Y) to gadolinite-(Ce). Regions of nearly full occupancy of Fe at the M site, and partial substitution of Si for Be at the Q tetrahedral site, as well as substitution of Be for Si at the T site were observed, with up to 15% vacancy at the Fe site and up to 15% disorder between Be and Si at distinct tetrahedral sites elsewhere. The layered nature of the crystal structure allows for large variation of the radius of the cation at the A site which contains the REE. This study shows that Be may substitute for Si and that Be may be more abundant in geochemical systems than previously assumed.

scholarly journals Polyol-mediated synthesis of size-controlled copper nanoparticles under microwave irradiation

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (12.1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Anh Trần Thị Kiều ◽  
Trung Đặng Bảo
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Copper Nanoparticles ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Size Control ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Size Controlled

In this research, well-dispersed zero-valent copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were successfully synthesized from a well-defined complex of [Cu(OH)(TMEDA)]2Cl2 in neat glycerol via a polyol method, under microwave irradiation (MW) assistance. The as-prepared CuNPs were thoroughly characterized by means of various techniques such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses, evidencing the formation of the spherical nanoparticles with the range of 3.24.2 nm in mean diameter. In addition, the size control of obtained CuNPs was examined via reaction time, thereby showing that the formation of CuNPs conformed to the model of “mono-dispersion”.

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