scholarly journals Alterations and Contaminations in Ceramics Deposited in Underwater Environments: An Experimental Approach

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 766
Author(s):  
Uxue Sanchez-Garmendia ◽  
Javier G. Iñañez ◽  
Gorka Arana
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometry ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Chemical Variability ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Mineralogical Compositions

Ancient ceramics recovered after a long burial period have probably undergone several alterations and contaminations, introducing a chemical variability, affecting the ceramic’s natural variability. That is, the chemical and the mineralogical compositions of the ceramic pastes after their deposition will not be the same as they originally were. Therefore, it is known that the alteration and contamination processes, and the discrimination of some elements, should be considered when studying the ceramics to avoid incorrect interpretations about their provenance, technology and the use of the artefact, as well as its proper preservation. In the present work, the authors performed an experimental approach in order to study the alterations and contaminations that occurred in 60 ceramic cylinders buried in two different underwater environments. Once the pieces were taken out from the water environments, they were characterized by a multi-analytical approach. For this purpose, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS) and Raman spectroscopy were used. Newly formed minerals of different forms have been identified, with different crystallization grades. Some examples are the needles, flakes, sponges and long and short prisms composed of several elements such as Ca, F, S and O.

scholarly journals Chemical and Phase Reactions on the Contact between Refractory Materials and Slags, a Case from the 19th Century Zn-Pb Smelter in Ruda Śląska, Poland

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Kupczak ◽  
Rafał Warchulski ◽  
Mateusz Dulski ◽  
Dorota Środek
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Refractory Materials ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Amorphous Phases ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical And Phase Compositions ◽  
The 19Th Century

Slags from the historic metallurgy of Zn-Pb ores are known for unique chemical and phase compositions. The oxides, silicates, aluminosilicates, and amorphous phases present therein often contain in the structure elements that are rare in natural conditions, such as Zn, Pb, As. The study focuses on processes occurring on the contact of the melted batch and the refractory materials that build the furnace, which lead to the formation of these phases. To describe them, chemical (X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)) and petrological ((X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe micro-analyses (EPMA), Raman spectroscopy) analyses were performed on refractory material, slag, and contact of both. Two main types of reactions have been distinguished: gas/fluid- refractories and liquid- refractories. The first of them enrich the refractories with elements that migrate with the gas (Pb, K, Na, As, Zn) and transport the components building it (Fe, Mg, Ca) inward. Reactions between melted batch and refractory materials through gravitational differentiation and the melting of refractories lead to the formation of an aluminosilicate liquid with a high content of heavy elements. Cooling of this melt causes crystallization of minerals characteristic for slag, but with a modified composition, such as Fe-rich pyroxenes, Pb-rich K-feldspar, or PbO-As2O3-SiO2 glass.

scholarly journals Characterization of Fly Ash Generated from Matla Power Station in Mpumalanga, South Africa

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1788-1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olushola S. Ayanda ◽  
Olalekan S. Fatoki ◽  
Folahan A. Adekola ◽  
Bhekumusa J. Ximba
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Coal Fly Ash ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Point Of Zero Charge ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Power Station ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry

In this study, fly ash was obtained from Matla power station and the physicochemical properties investigated. The fly ash was characterized by x-ray fluorescence, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Surface area, particle size, ash and carbon contents, pH, and point of zero charge were also measured. The results showed that the fly ash is alkaline and consists mainly of mullite (Al6Si2O13) and quartz (SiO2). Highly toxic metals As, Sb, Cd, Cr, and Pb as well as metals that are essential to health in trace amounts were also present. The storage and disposal of coal fly ash can thus lead to the release of leached metals into soils, surface and ground waters, find way into the ecological systems and then cause harmful effect to man and its environments.

scholarly journals Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the No. 5-2 High-Sulfur Coal from the Dongpo Mine, Weibei Coalfield, Shaanxi, North China, with Emphasis on Anomalies of Gallium and Lithium

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin ◽  
Cao ◽  
Wei ◽  
Wang ◽  
Liu
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Northern China ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Taiyuan Formation ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Geological Factors ◽  
Felsic Volcanic

This paper reports the mineral compositions and geochemical characteristics of the No. 5-2 high-sulfur coal (Taiyuan Formation) from Dongpo Mine, Weibei Coalfield, Shaanxi, Northern China via transmitted and reflected light microscopy, scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). We also confirmed the input of intermediate-felsic volcanic ashes into the Taiyuan Formation coals in Dongpo Mine, Weibei Coalfield. The results show that Dongpo coals are enriched in Ga and Li compared to the average values for world hard coals, and they are depleted in Al2O3 compared to Chinese coals. The coal low temperature ash contains kaolinite, illite, quartz, calcite, pyrite, and to a lesser extent, chlorite, plagioclase, dolomite, ankerite, and apatite. The concentration anomalies of Ga and Li in No. 5-2 high-sulfur coal were not caused by the Benxi Formation Bauxite, but by the influence of multiple geological factors. The Middle Proterozoic moyite from the Yinshan Oldland led to the slightly higher Ga and Li contents of the No. 5-2 coal than those in world hard coals. Input of synchronization volcanic ash, injection of hydrothermal fluids during the syngenetic or early diagenetic stages and influence of seawater further contributed to the Ga and Li enrichment of the No. 5-2 coal.

scholarly journals Fe-Containing MOFs as Seeds for the Preparation of Highly Active Fe/Al-SBA-15 Catalysts in the NAlkylation of Aniline

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (15) ◽  
pp. 2695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mhadmhan ◽  
Marquez-Medina ◽  
Romero ◽  
Reubroycharoen ◽  
Luque
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Alkylation Reaction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Milling Method ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry

We have successfully incorporated iron species into mesoporous aluminosilicates (AlSBA15) using a simple mechanochemical milling method. The catalysts were characterized by nitrogen physisorption, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), pyridine (PY) and 2,6-dimethylpyridine (DMPY) pulse chromatography titration, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The catalysts were tested in the N-alkylation reaction of aniline with benzyl alcohol for imine production. According to the results, the iron sources, acidity of catalyst and reaction conditions were important factors influencing the reaction. The catalyst showed excellent catalytic performance, achieving 97% of aniline conversion and 96% of imine selectivity under optimized conditions.

scholarly journals P2O5-Free Cerium Containing Glasses: Bioactivity and Cytocompatibility Evaluation

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3267
Author(s):  
Gigliola Lusvardi ◽  
Francesca Sgarbi Stabellini ◽  
Roberta Salvatori
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Doped Glasses ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Sbf Solution ◽  
Xrd Techniques

(1) Background: valuation of the bioactivity and cytocompatibility of P2O5-free and CeO2 doped glasses. (2) Methods: all glasses are based on the Kokubo (K) composition and prepared by a melting method. Doped glassed, K1.2, K3.6 and K5.3 contain 1.2, 3.6, and 5.3 mol% of CeO2. Bioactivity and cytotoxicity tests were carried out in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution and murine osteocyte (MLO-Y4) cell lines, respectively. Leaching of ions concentration in SBF was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The surface of the glasses were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. (3) Results: P2O5-free cerium doped glasses are proactive according to European directives. Cerium increases durability and retards, but does not inhibit, (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HA) formation at higher cerium amounts (K3.6 and K5.3); however, cell proliferation increases with the amount of cerium especially evident for K5.3. (4) Conclusions: These results enforce the use of P2O5-free cerium doped bioactive glasses as a new class of biomaterials.

scholarly journals Genesis of Pyrite Concretions: Constraints from Mineral and Geochemical Features of Longtan Formation in Anhui Province, Eastern China

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 467
Author(s):  
Qing He ◽  
Yanfei An ◽  
Fangji Sun ◽  
Chunkit Lai
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometer ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Heavy Minerals ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Intense Evaporation ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Major Shift

The occurrence of pyrite concretions in the Permian Longtan Formation sheds light on the paragenesis, formation conditions and regional paleoenvironment. We analyzed the mineral and geochemical characteristics of pyrite concretions using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) from the Longtan Formation shales in Anhui, Eastern China. These pyrite concretions consist of two types, each with a distinct nucleus and outer layer: The former is mainly made up of quartz, bivalve fragments and minor gypsum, ankerite, siderite and pyrite, the latter consists of pyrite (FeS2) in the voids of quartz. Based on the correlation matrix and geochemical/mineralogical affinity, trace elements in the pyrite concretions fall into three groups, that is, I (Sr, Ba, Rb and K) in calcic minerals from bivalve-bearing nucleus, II (Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf) in certain heavy minerals and III (V, Cr, Co and Ni) in pyrites. Mineral assemblage and paragenetic analysis show that the formation of pyrite concretions can be divided into three stages: (1) deposition of bivalve-bearing nucleus, (2) lithification of diatoms and (3) diagenesis of pyrite. Mineral and geochemical indicators suggest that the formation environment of pyrite concretions has undergone a major shift from lagoon with intense evaporation, to strong reducing marsh.

Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the No. 6 coal in the Tanggongta Mine, Inner Mongolia, China

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 551-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Yuan ◽  
Yanheng Li ◽  
Jingsen Fan
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Geochemical Characteristics ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Distribution Mode ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chinese Coal ◽  
Jungar Coalfield ◽  
Benxi Formation

In this paper, the geochemical characteristics of the trace elements of the No. 6 coal seam from Tanggongta mine, Jungar Coalfield, were studied using the methods of an energydispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX) analysis, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometric (XRF) techniques. The content of sulfur ranges from 0.09% to 2.83% (1.09% on average). The ash is from 11.70% to 31.47% (20.72% on average), and the moisture is from 2.72% to 6.82% (4.72% on average). The main minerals are kaolinite, carbonate minerals and pyrite. Compared with the average values of Chinese coal, the contents of Ga, Cd, Tl, Li, Sr, and Ag are high. Compared with the values of world coal, Li and Sr are found at high levels. The distribution mode of the REE shows that LREE is concentrated, but HREE is relatively low. The Yinshan Oldland should be the most likely source of the coal’s Li. The bauxite of the Benxi formation could be another source of the coal’s Li in the NE Jungar Coalfield.

scholarly journals Element Segregation and Electrical Properties of PMN-32PT Grown Using the Bridgman Method

Crystals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sijia Wang ◽  
Zengzhe Xi ◽  
Pinyang Fang ◽  
Xiaojuan Li ◽  
Wei Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Axial Direction ◽  
Element Distribution ◽  
Nominal Composition ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Element Segregation

A single crystal with nominal composition Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-32PbTiO3 (PMN-32PT) was grown by the Bridgman technique. Crystal orientation was determined using the rotating orientation X-ray diffraction (RO-XRD). Element distribution was measured along different directions using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The effect of the element segregation along axial and radial directions on the electrical properties of the PMN-32PT crystal was investigated. It is indicated that the electrical properties of the samples along the axial direction were strongly dependent on the PT (PbTiO3) content. With the increase of the PT content, the piezoelectric coefficient and remnant polarization were improved. Differently, the electrical properties of the samples along the radial direction were mainly determined by the ratio of the Nb and Mg. The reasons for the element segregation and electrical properties varied with the composition were discussed.

scholarly journals Chemical Characteristics of Freshwater and Saltwater Natural and Cultured Pearls from Different Bivalves

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanos Karampelas ◽  
Fatima Mohamed ◽  
Hasan Abdulla ◽  
Fatema Almahmood ◽  
Latifa Flamarzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Green Luminescence ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Pinctada Maxima ◽  
Cultured Pearls

The present study applied Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) on a large number of natural and cultured pearls from saltwater and freshwater environments, which revealed that freshwater (natural and cultured) pearls contain relatively higher quantities of manganese (Mn) and barium (Ba) and lower sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg) and strontium (Sr) than saltwater (natural and cultured) pearls. A few correlations between the host animal’s species and chemical elements were found; some samples from Pinctada maxima (P. maxima) are the only studied saltwater samples with 55Mn >20 ppmw, while some P. radiata are the only studied saltwater samples with 24Mg <65 ppmw and some of the P. imbricata are the only studied saltwater samples with 137Ba >4.5 ppmw. X-ray luminescence reactions of the studied samples has confirmed a correlation between its yellow-green intensity and manganese content in aragonite, where the higher Mn2+ content, the more intense the yellow-green luminescence becomes. Luminescence intensity in some cases is lower even if manganese increases, either because of pigments or because of manganese self-quenching. X-ray luminescence can be applied in most cases to separate saltwater from freshwater samples; only samples with low manganese content (55Mn <50 ppmw) might be challenging to identify. One of the studied natural freshwater pearls contained vaterite sections which react by turning orange under X-ray due to a different coordination of Mn2+ in vaterite than that in aragonite.

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