scholarly journals Diversity and Structure of Soil Fungal Communities across Experimental Everglades Tree Islands

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 324
Author(s):  
Brianna K. Almeida ◽  
Michael S. Ross ◽  
Susana L. Stoffella ◽  
Jay P. Sah ◽  
Eric Cline ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Tree Islands ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Everglades Tree Islands ◽  
And Function ◽  
Early Restoration

Fungi play prominent roles in ecosystem services (e.g., nutrient cycling, decomposition) and thus have increasingly garnered attention in restoration ecology. However, it is unclear how most management decisions impact fungal communities, making it difficult to protect fungal diversity and utilize fungi to improve restoration success. To understand the effects of restoration decisions and environmental variation on fungal communities, we sequenced soil fungal microbiomes from 96 sites across eight experimental Everglades tree islands approximately 15 years after restoration occurred. We found that early restoration decisions can have enduring consequences for fungal communities. Factors experimentally manipulated in 2003–2007 (e.g., type of island core) had significant legacy effects on fungal community composition. Our results also emphasized the role of water regime in fungal diversity, composition, and function. As the relative water level decreased, so did fungal diversity, with an approximately 25% decline in the driest sites. Further, as the water level decreased, the abundance of the plant pathogen–saprotroph guild increased, suggesting that low water may increase plant-pathogen interactions. Our results indicate that early restoration decisions can have long-term consequences for fungal community composition and function and suggest that a drier future in the Everglades could reduce fungal diversity on imperiled tree islands.

scholarly journals Temporal and Cultivar-Specific Effects on Potato Root- and Rhizosphere Fungal Diversity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaire Loit ◽  
Liina Soonvald ◽  
Alar Astover ◽  
Eve Runno-Paurson ◽  
Maarja Öpik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Potato Cultivar ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Fungal Community Composition

The rhizosphere fungal community can play an important role in determining plant growth and health. In this study, using high-throughput sequencing, we investigated the fungal diversity and community composition in the roots and rhizosphere soil of 21 potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars. The samples were collected at three different sampling points. Furthermore, we assessed the differences in both diversity and composition of pathogen and saprotroph communities. In soil and roots, the fungal richness and relative abundance of pathogens and saprotrophs were mainly affected by sampling time. However, root fungal communities were also significantly affected by cultivar. The most substantial effect of cultivar was on root pathogen diversity. Moreover, the occurrence of most pathogens strongly varied among cultivars. Soil fungal community composition was primarily determined by sampling time; whereas in roots, the primary determinant was cultivar. Our results demonstrate changes in fungal communities over the potato growing season, as well as highlight the importance of potato cultivar on root fungal communities, and emphasise their importance in plant breeding.

scholarly journals Site-Dependent Relationships Between Fungal Community Composition, Plant Genotypic Diversity and Environmental Drivers in a Salix Biomass System

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Hoeber ◽  
Christel Baum ◽  
Martin Weih ◽  
Stefano Manzoni ◽  
Petra Fransson
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Plant Genotype ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Genotype Diversity ◽  
Ecm Fungi

Soil fungi are strongly affected by plant species or genotypes since plants modify their surrounding environment, but the effects of plant genotype diversity on fungal diversity and function have not been extensively studied. The interactive responses of fungal community composition to plant genotypic diversity and environmental drivers were investigated in Salix biomass systems, posing questions about: (1) How fungal diversity varies as a function of plant genotype diversity; (2) If plant genotype identity is a strong driver of fungal community composition also in plant mixtures; (3) How the fungal communities change through time (seasonally and interannually)?; and (4) Will the proportion of ECM fungi increase over the rotation? Soil samples were collected over 4 years, starting preplanting from two Salix field trials, including four genotypes with contrasting phenology and functional traits, and genotypes were grown in all possible combinations (four genotypes in Uppsala, Sweden, two in Rostock, Germany). Fungal communities were identified, using Pacific Biosciences sequencing of fungal ITS2 amplicons. We found some site-dependent relationships between fungal community composition and genotype or diversity level, and site accounted for the largest part of the variation in fungal community composition. Rostock had a more homogenous community structure, with significant effects of genotype, diversity level, and the presence of one genotype (“Loden”) on fungal community composition. Soil properties and plant and litter traits contributed to explaining the variation in fungal species composition. The within-season variation in composition was of a similar magnitude to the year-to-year variation. The proportion of ECM fungi increased over time irrespective of plant genotype diversity, and, in Uppsala, the 4-mixture showed a weaker response than other combinations. Species richness was generally higher in Uppsala compared with that in Rostock and increased over time, but did not increase with plant genotype diversity. This significant site-specificity underlines the need for consideration of diverse sites to draw general conclusions of temporal variations and functioning of fungal communities. A significant increase in ECM colonization of soil under the pioneer tree Salix on agricultural soils was evident and points to changed litter decomposition and soil carbon dynamics during Salix growth.

scholarly journals Vegetation Restoration Alters Fungal Community Composition and Functional Groups in a Desert Ecosystem

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Hongyu Cao ◽  
Peishan Zhao ◽  
Xiaoshuai Wei ◽  
Guodong Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Desert Ecosystem ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Soil Fungal Diversity

Revegetation is regarded as an effective means to improve the ecological environment in deserts and profoundly influences the potential ecological functions of the soil fungal community. Therefore, Illumina high-throughput sequencing was performed to characterize the soil fungal diversity and community composition at two soil depths (0–10 cm and 10–20 cm) with four revegetation durations (natural grassland, half-mature, nearly mature, and mature Pinus. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations) in the Mu Us Sandy Land, China. The effects of soil properties on soil fungal communities were also examined to reveal the connection between fungal function and soil environment. The results indicated that 1) soil nutrient content and enzyme activity showed significant differences through the restoration durations, 2) there was no significant effect of soil depth on soil fungal diversity, while the Shannon diversity index of all fungal communities was significantly different among different revegetation durations, 3) compared with grassland, ectomycorrhizal fungi (notably, Inocybe, Tuber, and Calostoma) were abundant in plantations. The endophyte fungus Mortierella was among the top 10 genera in all soil samples and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Diversispora was the indicator genus of the grassland, and 4) catalase and total nitrogen were the main factors affecting fungal community composition and were closely related to saprotrophs and pathotrophs, respectively. This new information indicates the variation of soil fungal communities along revegetation durations and highlights the interaction between fungal functions and desert ecosystems.

scholarly journals Redevelopment of biological activity in stripmine spoils: saprotrophic fungi – abstract

1988 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
Suzanne Visser
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Community ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Community Structure ◽  
Soil Fungal Community ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Decomposition Of Plant Residues

The impact of severe soil disturbance on soil fungal community composition and function and how this relates to the resultant decomposition/mineralisation process is very poorly understood. Consequently, research was conducted to determine: (a) to what degree fungal community structure and potential function are altered in a sub-alpine coal mine spoil (Luscar, Alberta), and (b) how do alterations in the fungal community affect patterns of fungal colonisation and decomposition of plant residues deposited on recently mined soil.

scholarly journals Long-Term Monoculture Negatively Regulates Fungal Community Composition and Abundance of Tea Orchards

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasir Arafat ◽  
Muhammad Tayyab ◽  
Muhammad Umar Khan ◽  
Ting Chen ◽  
Hira Amjad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Continuous Cropping System ◽  
Tea Plants

Continuous cropping frequently leads to soil acidification and major soil-borne diseases in tea plants, resulting in low tea yield. We have limited knowledge about the effects of continuous tea monoculture on soil properties and the fungal community. Here, we selected three replanted tea fields with 2, 15, and 30 years of monoculture history to assess the influence of continuous cropping on fungal communities and soil physiochemical attributes. The results showed that continuous tea monoculture significantly reduced soil pH and tea yield. Alpha diversity analysis showed that species richness declined significantly as the tea planting years increased and the results based on diversity indicated inconsistency. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) revealed that monoculture duration had the highest loading in structuring fungal communities. The relative abundance of Ascomycota, Glomeromycota, and Chytridiomycota decreased and Zygomycota and Basidiomycota increased with increasing cropping time. Continuous tea cropping not only decreased some beneficial fungal species such as Mortierella alpina and Mortierella elongatula, but also promoted potentially pathogenic fungal species such as Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, and Microidium phyllanthi over time. Overall, continuous tea cropping decreased soil pH and potentially beneficial microbes and increased soil pathogenic microbes, which could be the reason for reducing tea yield. Thus, developing sustainable tea farming to improve soil pH, microbial activity, and enhanced beneficial soil microbes under a continuous cropping system is vital for tea production.

Warming and disturbance alter soil microbiome diversity and function in a northern forest ecotone

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E Van Nuland ◽  
Dylan P Smith ◽  
Jennifer M Bhatnagar ◽  
Artur Stefanski ◽  
Sarah E Hobbie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Northern Forest ◽  
Fungal Community Structure ◽  
Open Canopy ◽  
Ground Warming ◽  
And Function ◽  
Forest Ecotone

ABSTRACT The response to global change by soil microbes is set to affect important ecosystem processes. These impacts could be most immediate in transitional zones, such as the temperate-boreal forest ecotone, yet previous work in these forests has primarily focused on specific subsets of microbial taxa. Here, we examined how bacterial and fungal communities respond to simulated above- and below-ground warming under realistic field conditions in closed and open canopy treatments in Minnesota, USA. Our results show that warming and canopy disturbance shifted bacterial and fungal community structure as dominant bacterial and fungal groups differed in the direction and intensity of their responses. Ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal communities with greater connectivity (higher prevalence of strongly interconnected taxa based on pairwise co-occurrence relationships) were more resistant to compositional change. Warming effects on soil enzymes involved in the hydrolytic and oxidative liberation of carbon from plant cell walls and nutrients from organic matter were most strongly linked to fungal community responses, although community structure–function relationships differed between fungal guilds. Collectively, these findings indicate that warming and disturbance will influence the composition and function of microbial communities in the temperate-boreal ecotone, and fungal responses are particularly important to understand for predicting future ecosystem functioning.

scholarly journals Limited Effects of Variable-Retention Harvesting on Fungal Communities Decomposing Fine Roots in Coastal Temperate Rainforests

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Philpott ◽  
Jason S. Barker ◽  
Cindy E. Prescott ◽  
Sue J. Grayston
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Plant Litter ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Decomposition Rates ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Variable Retention ◽  
Variable Retention Harvesting

ABSTRACT Fine root litter is the principal source of carbon stored in forest soils and a dominant source of carbon for fungal decomposers. Differences in decomposer capacity between fungal species may be important determinants of fine-root decomposition rates. Variable-retention harvesting (VRH) provides refuge for ectomycorrhizal fungi, but its influence on fine-root decomposers is unknown, as are the effects of functional shifts in these fungal communities on carbon cycling. We compared fungal communities decomposing fine roots (in litter bags) under VRH, clear-cut, and uncut stands at two sites (6 and 13 years postharvest) and two decay stages (43 days and 1 year after burial) in Douglas fir forests in coastal British Columbia, Canada. Fungal species and guilds were identified from decomposed fine roots using high-throughput sequencing. Variable retention had short-term effects on β-diversity; harvest treatment modified the fungal community composition at the 6-year-postharvest site, but not at the 13-year-postharvest site. Ericoid and ectomycorrhizal guilds were not more abundant under VRH, but stand age significantly structured species composition. Guild composition varied by decay stage, with ruderal species later replaced by saprotrophs and ectomycorrhizae. Ectomycorrhizal abundance on decomposing fine roots may partially explain why fine roots typically decompose more slowly than surface litter. Our results indicate that stand age structures fine-root decomposers but that decay stage is more important in structuring the fungal community than shifts caused by harvesting. The rapid postharvest recovery of fungal communities decomposing fine roots suggests resiliency within this community, at least in these young regenerating stands in coastal British Columbia. IMPORTANCE Globally, fine roots are a dominant source of carbon in forest soils, yet the fungi that decompose this material and that drive the sequestration or respiration of this carbon remain largely uncharacterized. Fungi vary in their capacity to decompose plant litter, suggesting that fungal community composition is an important determinant of decomposition rates. Variable-retention harvesting is a forestry practice that modifies fungal communities by providing refuge for ectomycorrhizal fungi. We evaluated the effects of variable retention and clear-cut harvesting on fungal communities decomposing fine roots at two sites (6 and 13 years postharvest), at two decay stages (43 days and 1 year), and in uncut stands in temperate rainforests. Harvesting impacts on fungal community composition were detected only after 6 years after harvest. We suggest that fungal community composition may be an important factor that reduces fine-root decomposition rates relative to those of above-ground plant litter, which has important consequences for forest carbon cycling.

scholarly journals Landscape-level DNA metabarcoding study in the Pannonian forests reveals differential effects of slope aspect on taxonomic and functional groups of fungi

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
József Geml
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Slope Aspect ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Dna Metabarcoding ◽  
Landscape Level

AbstractIn temperate regions, slope aspect is one of the most influential drivers of environmental conditions at landscape level. The effect of aspect on vegetation has been well studied, but virtually nothing is known about how fungal communities are shaped by aspect-driven environmental conditions. I carried out DNA metabarcoding of fungi from soil samples taken in a selected study area of Pannonian forests to compare richness and community composition of taxonomic and functional groups of fungi between slopes of predominantly southerly vs. northerly aspect and to assess the influence of selected environmental variables on fungal community composition. The deep sequence data presented here (i.e. 980 766 quality-filtered sequences) indicate that both niche (environmental filtering) and neutral (stochastic) processes shape fungal community composition at landscape level. Fungal community composition correlated strongly with aspect, with many fungi showing preference for either south-facing or north-facing slopes. Several taxonomic and functional groups showed significant differences in richness between north-and south-facing slopes and strong compositional differences were observed in all functional groups. The effect of aspect on fungal communities likely is mediated through contrasting mesoclimatic conditions, that in turn influence edaphic processes as well as vegetation. Finally, the data presented here provide an unprecedented insight into the diversity and landscape-level community dynamics of fungi in the Pannonian forests.

scholarly journals The gut mycobiome of healthy mice is shaped by the environment and shapes metabolic outcomes in response to diet

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahliyah S. Mims ◽  
Qusai Al Abdullah ◽  
Justin D. Stewart ◽  
Sydney P. Watts ◽  
Catrina T. White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Metabolic Outcomes ◽  
Metabolic Biomarkers

ABSTRACTObjectiveAs an active interface between the host and their diet, the gut bacteriome influences host metabolic adaptation. However, the contribution of gut fungi to host metabolic outcomes is not yet understood. Therefore, we aimed to determine if host metabolic response to an ultra-processed diet reflects gut fungal community composition.DesignWe compared jejunal fungi and bacteria from 72 healthy mice with the same genetic background but different starting mycobiomes before and after 8 weeks on an ultra-processed or standardized diet using 16S and internal transcribed spacer region 2 ribosomal RNA sequencing. We measured host body composition using magnetic resonance imaging, examined changes in metabolically active host tissues and quantified serum metabolic biomarkers.ResultsGut fungal communities are highly variable between mice, differing by vendor, age and sex. After exposure to an ultra-processed diet for 8 weeks, persistent differences in fungal community composition strongly associate with differential deposition of body mass in male mice compared to mice on standardized diet. Fat deposition in the liver, genomic adaptation of metabolically active tissues and serum metabolic biomarkers are correlated with alterations in fungal diversity and community composition. Variation in fungi from the genera Thermomyces and Saccharomyces most strongly associate with increased weight gain.ConclusionsIn the gut of healthy mice, host-microbe metabolic interactions strongly reflect variability in fungal communities. Our results confirm the importance of luminal fungal communities to host metabolic adaptation to dietary exposure. Gut fungal communities may represent a therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disease.Graphical AbstractIn BriefWhat is already known about this subject?Gut bacterial communities have evolved to influence the metabolic outcomes of the host in mammals. Evidence from across the lifespan suggests that differences in composition of these communities is associated with energy consumption. However, gut microbial communities, while often equated to bacteria, are diverse, multi-kingdom ecologies and limited information is available for the role of other kingdoms of life, such as fungi.What are the new findings?Gut fungal communities, collectively termed the mycobiome, are less diverse and abundant than bacterial communities in the gastrointestinal tract. This study identifies the considerable influence of the environment and dietary exposure on the composition of jejunal fungal communities in healthy mice with the same genetic background. After exposure to processed diet, differences in fungal community composition in male mice were strongly correlated with persistent differences body composition and markers of metabolic tone.How might it impact on clinical practice in the foreseeable future?These results verify that the baseline metabolic tone of health mice strongly reflects the ecological complexity of the gastrointestinal mycobiome. Variation in the composition of gut fungal communities is likely an underappreciated source of experimental and clinical variability in metabolic studies. Gastrointestinal fungi are likely a target for prevention and treatment of metabolic disease.

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