scholarly journals A Review of Human-Elephant Ecological Relations in the Malay Peninsula: Adaptations for Coexistence

Diversity ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Teckwyn Lim ◽  
Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz
Keyword(s):  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Elephas Maximus ◽  
Malay Peninsula ◽  
Ecological Relationship ◽  
Transition To Agriculture ◽  
Wild Yams ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Ecological Relations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Trophic Niches

Understanding the relationship between humans and elephants is of particular interest for reducing conflict and encouraging coexistence. This paper reviews the ecological relationship between humans and Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in the rainforests of the Malay Peninsula, examining the extent of differentiation of spatio-temporal and trophic niches. We highlight the strategies that people and elephants use to partition an overlapping fundamental niche. When elephants are present, forest-dwelling people often build above-the-ground shelters; and when people are present, elephants avoid open areas during the day. People are able to access several foods that are out of reach of elephants or inedible; for example, people use water to leach poisons from tubers of wild yams, use blowpipes to kill arboreal game, and climb trees to access honey. We discuss how the transition to agriculture affected the human–elephant relationship by increasing the potential for competition. We conclude that the traditional foraging cultures of the Malay Peninsula are compatible with wildlife conservation.

World-Ecological Satire: Peat, Brian O'Nolan, and the Irish Free State's Energy Regime

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-104
Author(s):  
Robert Kiely
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Production ◽  
Ecological Perspective ◽  
Energy Regime ◽  
Energy History ◽  
History Of ◽  
External Site ◽  
Ecological Relations ◽  
Nature And Society ◽  
Human Actors ◽  
The Relationship

A world-ecological perspective of cultural production refuses a dualist conception of nature and society – which imagines nature as an external site of static outputs  – and instead foregrounds the fact that human and extra-human natures are completely intertwined. This essay seeks to reinterpret the satirical writing of a canonical figure within the Irish literary tradition, Brian O'Nolan, in light of the energy history of Ireland, understood as co-produced by both human actors and biophysical nature. How does the energy imaginary of O'Nolan's work refract and mediate the Irish environment and the socio-ecological relations shaping the fuel supply-chains that power the Irish energy regime dominant under the Irish Free State? I discuss the relationship between peat as fuel and Brian O'Nolan's pseudonymous newspaper columns, and indicate how questions about energy regimes and ecology can lead us to read his Irish language novel An Béal Bocht [The Poor Mouth] (1941) in a new light. The moments I select and analyze from O'Nolan's output feature a kind of satire that exposes the folly of separating society from nature, by presenting an exaggerated form of the myth of nature as an infinite resource.

scholarly journals A revision of daily egg production estimation methods, with application to Atlanto-Iberian sardine. 2. Spatially and environmentally explicit estimates of egg production

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 528-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Bernal ◽  
Yorgos Stratoudakis ◽  
Simon Wood ◽  
Leire Ibaibarriaga ◽  
Luis Valdés ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Stock Assessment ◽  
Production Model ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Statistical Framework ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

Abstract Bernal, M., Stratoudakis, Y., Wood, S., Ibaibarriaga, L., Uriarte, A., Valdés, L., and Borchers, D. 2011. A revision of daily egg production estimation methods, with application to Atlanto-Iberian sardine. 2. Spatially and environmentally explicit estimates of egg production. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: . A spatially and environmentally explicit egg production model is developed to accommodate a number of assumptions about the relationship between egg production and mortality and associated environmental variables. The general model was tested under different assumptions for Atlanto-Iberian sardine. It provides a flexible estimator of egg production, in which a range of assumptions and hypotheses can be tested in a structured manner within a well-defined statistical framework. Application of the model to Atlanto-Iberian sardine increased the precision of the egg production time-series, and allowed improvements to be made in understanding the spatio-temporal variability in egg production, as well as implications for ecology and stock assessment.

The Relationship of Political Party Affiliation to Wildlife Conservation Attitudes

2001 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Czech ◽  
Rena Borkhataria
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Endangered Species ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Endangered Species Act ◽  
Party Affiliation ◽  
Political Party Affiliation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Species conservation via the Endangered Species Act is highly politicized, yet few data have been gathered to illustrate the relationship of political party affiliation to species conservation perspectives. We conducted a nationwide public opinion survey and found that Democrats value species conservation more highly than do Republicans, and that Democrats are also more strongly supportive of the Endangered Species Act. Republicans place higher value on property rights than do Democrats, but members of both parties value economic growth as highly as wildlife conservation. The results imply that the Democratic propensity to value species conservation reflects a biocentric perspective that does not bode well for practical conservation efforts. Species conservation will depend upon the success of academicians and progressive political leaders in educating students and members of all parties about the fundamental conflict between economic growth and wildlife conservation.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal of surface ozone (O3) variations at urban and suburban sites in Sarawak region of Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 880 (1) ◽  
pp. 012004
Author(s):  
H Mahidin ◽  
M T Latif ◽  
A Hamdan ◽  
J Salleh ◽  
D Dominick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Ambient Air Quality Standard ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Sarawak Region of Malaysia is currently experiencing a high demand for capital needs such as transformation forest to plantations, economic development, and improving transportation systems. Those land cover changes will increase primary pollutant emissions and trigger surface O3 formation. Surface O3 is a secondary pollutant and a significant greenhouse gas contributing to climate change and declining air quality. In this study, variations in surface O3 concentrations at urban and suburban sites in Sarawak were explored using the Malaysian Department of Environment data spanning a two-year cycle (2018-2019). The primary aim of this study is to ascertain the variation of surface O3 concentrations reported at four monitoring stations in Sarawak, namely Kuching (SQ1) (Urban), Sibu (SQ2) (Suburban), Bintulu (SQ3) (Suburban), and Miri (SQ4) (Suburban). The study also analysed the relationship between O3 distribution and nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2). The findings showed that O3 concentrations observed in the region during the study period were lower than the maximum permissible value of 100 ppbv suggested by the Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Standard (2020). SQ4 (Miri) at suburban sites recorded the highest average surface O3 concentrations with an hourly average and daily maximum O3 concentration of 15.7 and 89.5 ppbv, respectively. Temperatures, UV exposure, and wind speed all impact the concentration of surface O3 in Sarawak. In all stations, concentrations of O3 were inversely linked with NO, NO2, and relative humidity (RH). This research will assist the relevant agency in forecast, monitor, and mitigate the level of O3 in the ambient environment, especially in the Sarawak Region.

Recognizing Human Actions in Basketball Video Sequences on the Basis of Global and Local Pairwise Representation

2018 ◽  
pp. 2083-2101
Author(s):  
Masaki Takahashi ◽  
Masahide Naemura ◽  
Mahito Fujii ◽  
James J. Little
Keyword(s):  
Feature Representation ◽  
Video Sequences ◽  
Human Actions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Motion Features ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Representation Method ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Local Representations

A feature-representation method for recognizing actions in sports videos on the basis of the relationship between human actions and camera motions is proposed. The method involves the following steps: First, keypoint trajectories are extracted as motion features in spatio-temporal sub-regions called “spatio-temporal multiscale bags” (STMBs). Global representations and local representations from one sub-region in the STMBs are then combined to create a “glocal pairwise representation” (GPR). The GPR considers the co-occurrence of camera motions and human actions. Finally, two-stage SVM classifiers are trained with STMB-based GPRs, and specified human actions in video sequences are identified. An experimental evaluation of the recognition accuracy of the proposed method (by using the public OSUPEL basketball video dataset and broadcast videos) demonstrated that the method can robustly detect specific human actions in both public and broadcast basketball video sequences.

scholarly journals Assessing the Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Forest Species via Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Óscar Rodríguez de Rivera ◽  
Antonio López-Quílez ◽  
Marta Blangiardo
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Modeling ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Address Climate Change ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Temporal Models ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Relationship

Climatic change is expected to affect forest development in the short term, as well as the spatial distribution of species in the long term. Species distribution models are potentially useful tools for guiding species choices in reforestation and forest management prescriptions to address climate change. The aim of this study is to build spatial and spatio-temporal models to predict the distribution of four different species present in the Spanish Forest Inventory. We have compared the different models and showed how accounting for dependencies in space and time affect the relationship between species and environmental variables.

scholarly journals Latent likelihood ratio tests for assessing spatial kernels in epidemic models

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 853-873
Author(s):  
David Thong ◽  
George Streftaris ◽  
Gavin J. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Kernel Function ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Likelihood Ratio Tests ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Competing Models ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Fully Bayesian ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract One of the most important issues in the critical assessment of spatio-temporal stochastic models for epidemics is the selection of the transmission kernel used to represent the relationship between infectious challenge and spatial separation of infected and susceptible hosts. As the design of control strategies is often based on an assessment of the distance over which transmission can realistically occur and estimation of this distance is very sensitive to the choice of kernel function, it is important that models used to inform control strategies can be scrutinised in the light of observation in order to elicit possible evidence against the selected kernel function. While a range of approaches to model criticism is in existence, the field remains one in which the need for further research is recognised. In this paper, building on earlier contributions by the authors, we introduce a new approach to assessing the validity of spatial kernels—the latent likelihood ratio tests—which use likelihood-based discrepancy variables that can be used to compare the fit of competing models, and compare the capacity of this approach to detect model mis-specification with that of tests based on the use of infection-link residuals. We demonstrate that the new approach can be used to formulate tests with greater power than infection-link residuals to detect kernel mis-specification particularly when the degree of mis-specification is modest. This new tests avoid the use of a fully Bayesian approach which may introduce undesirable complications related to computational complexity and prior sensitivity.

scholarly journals Effects of Initial Epidemic Conditions, Sporulation Rate, and Spore Dispersal Gradient on the Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Plant Disease Epidemics

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 1000-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
X.-M. Xu ◽  
M. S. Ridout
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Disease Epidemics ◽  
Sporulation Rate ◽  
The Relationship

A stochastic model that simulates the spread of disease over space and time was developed to study the effects of initial epidemic conditions (number of initial inocula and their spatial pattern), sporulation rate, and spore dispersal gradient on the spatio-temporal dynamics of plant disease epidemics. The spatial spread of disease was simulated using a half-Cauchy distribution with median dispersal distance μ (units of distance). The rate of temporal increase in disease incidence (βI, per day) was influenced jointly by μ and by the sporulation rate λ (spores per lesion per day). The relationship between βI and μ was nonlinear: the increase in βI with increasing μ was greatest when μ was small (i.e., when the dispersal gradient was steep). The rate of temporal increase in disease severity of diseased plants (βS) was affected mainly by λ: βS increased directly with increasing λ. Intraclass correlation (κt), the correlation of disease status of plants within quadrats, increased initially with disease incidence, reached a peak, and then declined as disease incidence approached 1.0. This relationship was well described by a power-law model that is consistent with the binary form of the variance power law. The amplitude of the model relating κt to disease incidence was affected mainly by μ: κt decreased with increasing μ. The shape of the curve was affected mainly by initial conditions, especially the spatial pattern of the initial inocula. Generally, the relationship of spatial autocorrelation (ρt,k), the correlation of disease status of plants at various distances apart, to disease incidence and distance was well described by a four-parameter power-law model. ρt,k increased with disease incidence to a maximum and then declined at higher values of disease incidence, in agreement with a power-law relationship. The amplitude of ρt,k was determined mainly by initial conditions and by μ: ρt,k decreased with increasing μ and was lower for regular patterns of initial inocula. The shape of the ρt,k curve was affected mainly by initial conditions, especially the spatial pattern of the initial inocula. At any level of disease incidence, autocorrelation declined exponentially with spatial lag; the degree of this decline was determined mainly by μ: it was steeper with decreasing μ.

Measuring Regressivity of Excise Taxes: A Buyers Index

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Loomis ◽  
Charles F. Revier
Keyword(s):  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Income Class ◽  
Expenditure Patterns ◽  
Excise Tax ◽  
Excise Taxes ◽  
Excise Taxation ◽  
Suits Index ◽  
The Relationship

A variant of the Suits index is developed for measuring the progressivity of an excise tax distribution among buyers rather than the population (buyers and nonbuyers) as a whole. This new index is more useful for evaluating progressivity of selective excise taxes on products for which the proportion of each income class consisting of buyers varies with income level. In the process of developing the relationship between the buyers index and the Suits index, the links between consumer expenditure patterns and the values of both the Suits index and the buyers index are derived. The article concludes with a comparison of the new buyers index and the Suits index for five products studied for possible excise taxation under the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act of 1980.

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