The Assessment of Nipple Areola Complex Sensation with Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments—Normative Values and Its Covariates

Objective: To establish normative data for nipple-areola complex (NAC) sensibility examined with Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test (SWMT) and two-point discrimination (TPD) in women with varying breast sizes, including women with gigantomastia. We also aimed to identify clinical variables influencing NAC sensation. Methods: A total of 320 breasts in 160 Caucasian women (mean age 33.6 years, SD 11 years) were examined (including 50 hypertrophic breasts). NACs sensation was examined using Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments (SWM) and the Weber Two-Point Discrimination Test. Results: The nipple appeared to be the most sensitive part of NAC. In normal-sized breasts, sensation thresholds (SWM) correlated with: age, BMI, history of births, breast size and ptosis (for all locations), breastfeeding history (for nipple and upper areola) and areola diameter (for all locations apart from the nipple). Regression analysis showed that age, cup size and suprasternal notch-to-nipple distance are risk factors for diminished NAC sensation. Sensation thresholds in all NAC locations of hypertrophic breasts were significantly higher compared to normal-sized breasts, while TPD tests did not differ between the groups. Conclusions: We provided normative values of NAC sensation (tactile threshold and TPD) for different NAC areas. Our investigation indicated that SWM are useful diagnostic tools when the following factors are considered while examining NAC sensation: location (nipple vs. areola), age, breast size, suprasternal notch-to-nipple distance, history of births and breastfeeding. Hypertrophic breasts presented significantly higher sensation thresholds for all NAC locations. The report may serve as a reference data for further investigations regarding NAC sensation after different breast surgeries.

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Bigger Bust No Longer on Trend: Malaysians Prefer Moderation in Ideal Female Breast Augmentation

Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1734572 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Izzuddin Hamzan ◽

Wan Azman Wan Sulaiman ◽

Nur Nadia Ismail

Keyword(s):

Breast Augmentation ◽

Breast Size ◽

Surgical Results ◽

Male And Female ◽

Nipple Areola Complex ◽

Female Breast ◽

Areola Complex ◽

The Ideal

Abstract Background It is important to correctly determine the ideal female breast anatomy and aesthetic proportions in order to prepare for surgery and establish its goals. Leaving the preference to the operating surgeons alone might leave unsatisfactory results, which especially leads to reoperation, quite often in the aspect of breast dimension. Methods This study was conducted using an online graphic questionnaire. We attempted to seek male and female perspectives toward their preferred ideal female breast size for breast augmentation, in order to provide up-to-date data to assist breast surgeons in attaining satisfactory surgical results. Results Sixty males and 67 females participated in the study comprising Asian major ethnicities of Malay, Chinese, and Indian. Universally, 46.6% of men and 53.5% of women preferred 30 mm diameter for the most ideal nipple-areola complex (NAC) size. For the perfect bust, they generally favored size C and D cup (37.8% and 38.5%, respectively). Conclusion The majority of women seek natural breast beauty and the longing for an oversized look appears to have infiltrated practice but these assumptions have finally been challenged by these findings.

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Importance of the suprasternal notch to nipple distance (SSN:N) for vascular complications of the nipple areola complex (NAC) in the superior pedicle vertical mammaplasty: A retrospective analysis

Journal of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery ◽

10.1016/j.bjps.2011.05.012 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 64 (10) ◽

pp. 1278-1283 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Dan Mon O’Dey ◽

Peter Baltes ◽

Ahmet Bozkurt ◽

Norbert Pallua

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Analysis ◽

Vascular Complications ◽

Suprasternal Notch ◽

Vertical Mammaplasty ◽

Superior Pedicle ◽

Nipple Areola Complex ◽

Areola Complex

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Systematization of the Incisions in Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy

Journal of Surgery Open Access ◽

10.16966/2470-0991.245 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Cammarota MC ◽

Barcelos LDP ◽

Dias RCS ◽

de Aquino Filho TM ◽

Neto AB ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Size ◽

Excess Skin ◽

Aesthetic Result ◽

Nipple Areola Complex ◽

Areola Complex ◽

Aesthetic Results ◽

The Aesthetic ◽

Nipple Sparing Mastectomy ◽

Nipple Sparing

Introduction: Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy (NSM) is a consolidated technique that has been used for years with good aesthetic results. Its indication is usually limited by breast size, due to difficulty repositioning the Nipple-Areola Complex (NAC) and treating excess skin in large breasts. The challenge in these cases is to maximize the aesthetic result without increasing the risk of necrosis and other complications.

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Assessing the Need for Multiplex and Multifunctional Tick-Borne Disease Test in Routine Clinical Laboratory Samples from Lyme Disease and Febrile Patients with a History of a Tick Bite

Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease ◽

10.3390/tropicalmed6010038 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 38

Author(s):

Kunal Garg ◽

T. Sakari Jokiranta ◽

Sanna Filén ◽

Leona Gilbert

Keyword(s):

Lyme Disease ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Testing System ◽

Test Results ◽

System A ◽

History Of ◽

Tick Borne Disease ◽

Routine Clinical Laboratory ◽

Missed Opportunity

Human polymicrobial infections in tick-borne disease (TBD) patients is an emerging public health theme. However, the requirement for holistic TBD tests in routine clinical laboratories is ambiguous. TICKPLEX® PLUS is a holistic TBD test utilized herein to assess the need for multiplex and multifunctional diagnostic tools in a routine clinical laboratory. The study involved 150 specimens categorized into Lyme disease (LD)-positive (n = 48), LD-negative (n = 30), and febrile patients from whom borrelia serology was requested (n = 72, later “febrile patients”) based on reference test results from United Medix, Finland. Reference tests from DiaSorin, Immunetics, and Mikrogen Diagnostik followed the two-tier LD testing system. A comparison between the reference tests and TICKPLEX® PLUS produced 86%, 88%, and 87% positive, negative, and overall agreement, respectively. Additionally, up to 15% of LD and 11% of febrile patients responded to TBD related coinfections and opportunistic microbes. The results demonstrated that one (TICKPLEX® PLUS) test can aid in a LD diagnosis instead of four tests. Moreover, TBD is not limited to just LD, as the specimens produced immune responses to several TBD microbes. Lastly, the study indicated that the screening of febrile patients for TBDs could be a missed opportunity at reducing unreported patient cases.

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Factor V Leiden Is Associated with Repeated and Recurrent Unexplained Fetal Losses

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1656060 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 77 (05) ◽

pp. 0822-0824 ◽

Cited By ~ 145

Author(s):

Elvira Grandone ◽

Maurizio Margaglione ◽

Donatella Colaizzo ◽

Marina d'Addedda ◽

Giuseppe Cappucci ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein C ◽

Strong Association ◽

Activated Protein C ◽

Fetal Loss ◽

Factor V Leiden ◽

Factor V ◽

Significant Difference ◽

History Of ◽

Fv Leiden ◽

Caucasian Women

SummaryActivated protein C resistance (APCR) is responsible for most cases of familial thrombosis. The factor V missense mutation Arg506>Gln (FV Leiden) has been recognized as the commonest cause of this condition. Recently, it has been suggested that APCR is associated with second trimester fetal loss. We investigated the distribution of FV Leiden in a sample (n = 43) of Caucasian women with a history of two or more unexplained fetal losses. A group (n = 118) of parous women with uneventful pregnancies from the same ethnical background served as control. We found the mutation in 7 cases (16.28%) and 5 controls (4.24%; p = 0.011). A statistically significant difference between women with only early fetal loss vs those with late events (p = 0.04) was observed. Our data demonstrate a strong association between FV Leiden and fetal loss. Furthermore, they indicate that late events are more common in these patients.

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CHANGES IN THE NIPPLE-AREOLA COMPLEX IN PATIENTS WITH BREAST CANCER

Problems in oncology ◽

10.37469/0507-3758-2017-63-4-593-597 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 593-597

Author(s):

Aziz Zikiryakhodzhaev ◽

Nadezhda Volchenko ◽

Erik Saribekyan ◽

Yelena Rasskazova

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Surgical Treatment ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Molecular Subtypes ◽

Breast Cancer Patients ◽

Nipple Areola Complex ◽

Histological Types ◽

Areola Complex

The article presents data about the lesion of the nipple-areola complex in breast cancer. In 2015-2016 surgical treatment was performed in 101 breast cancer patients, different in size but with the mandatory removal of the nipple-areola complex. There are analyzed the dependence of the lesion of the nipple-areola complex from histological types of breast cancer, molecular subtypes, multicentricity, the location of tumor in the breast. The most significant criterion was the dependence of the lesion of the nipple-areola complex from the distance between tumor node and the nipple.

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Differentiating Pagetoid Bowen's disease from Paget's disease on the nipple‐areola complex: Two unique, challenging cases

Journal of Cutaneous Pathology ◽

10.1111/cup.14092 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Leire Barrutia ◽

Gerardo Martínez‐García ◽

Alba Santamarina‐Albertos ◽

Esther Leticia Garabito Solovera ◽

Víctor Volo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Paget’S Disease ◽

Paget's Disease ◽

Bowen’S Disease ◽

Bowen's Disease ◽

Nipple Areola Complex ◽

Areola Complex

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Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Among Health Care Personnel at a Health Care System in Pakistan

Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/10105395211011010 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 101053952110110

Author(s):

Salma Abbas ◽

Aun Raza ◽

Ayesha Iftikhar ◽

Aamir Khan ◽

Shahzaib Khan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Control Measures ◽

Health Care Personnel ◽

Test Results ◽

Antibody Testing ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Past Infection ◽

Infection Control Measures ◽

History Of ◽

Polymerase Chain

Health care personnel (HCP) are at high risk for coronavirus disease-2019 acquisition. Serum antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) indicate past infection. Our institution offered SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing to HCP. We surveyed HCP with positive test results to explore past exposure to SARS-CoV-2, details of symptoms during the preceding 6 months, and a history of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction testing. A total of 2162 HCP underwent antibody testing. Eight hundred fifty-seven (39.6%) employees tested positive and, of these, 820 (95.7%) participated in the survey. When adjusted for age, males had higher odds of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies compared with females (OR = 1.68; 95% CI = 1.37-2.05; P = .00) and clinical staff had higher odds of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity compared with nonclinical staff (OR = 1.273; 95% CI = 1.06-1.53; P = .01). Implementation of effective infection control measures is essential to protect HCP from coronavirus disease-2019.

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