scholarly journals The Output Gap and Youth Unemployment: An Analysis Based on Okun’s Law

Economies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Mindaugas Butkus ◽  
Janina Seputiene
Keyword(s):  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Okun’S Law ◽  
Equilibrium Unemployment ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Okun's Law ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Potential Level

The impact of economic fluctuations on the total unemployment rate is widely studied, however, with respect to age- and gender-specific unemployment, this relationship is not so well examined. We apply the gap version of Okun’s law, aiming to estimate youth unemployment rate sensitivity to output deviations from its potential level. Additionally, we aim to compare whether men or women have a higher equilibrium unemployment rate when output is at the potential level. Contrary to most studies on age- and gender-specific Okun’s coefficients, which assume that the effect of output on unemployment is homogenous, we allow a different effect to occur, depending on the output gap’s sign (positive/negative). The focus of the analysis is on 28 EU countries over the period of 2000–2018. The model is estimated by least squares dummy variable estimator (LSDV), using Prais–Winsten standard errors. We did not find evidence that higher equilibrium unemployment rates are more typical for men or for women. The estimates clearly show the equilibrium level of youth unemployment to be well above that of total unemployment, and this conclusion holds for both genders. We assess greater youth unemployment sensitivity to negative output shock, rather than to positive output shock, but when we take confidence intervals into consideration, this conclusion becomes less obvious.

Bargaining over Remittances in Tajik Extended Families

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-250
Author(s):  
Sabiha Yeasmin Rosy ◽  
Fatemeh Nejati
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Transnational Families ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Extended Families ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gender Specific

Abstract This study investigates the impact of male labor migration upon wives living among their husbands’ extended families in Tajikistan. It studies the risks and choices available to such wives in bargaining for remittances, with a particular focus on the risks that daughters-in-law (kelin in Tajik) undertake when negotiating remittances with their mothers-in-law. This paper explores age and gender-specific norms in Tajik transnational families and their minimal opportunities for kelins to bargain and negotiate the risks associated with making “claims” on remittances by using Deniz Kandiyoti’s “patriarchal bargain” and Bina Agarwal’s household bargain framework, as well as extensive fieldwork conducted in Tajikistan. The study concludes that international migration and remittances have had a complex impact on gender norms in Tajikistan, with emerging new forms of passive negotiation by kelins unlikely to undermine patriarchal gender norms in their favor.

scholarly journals Okun’s Law in Selected European Countries (2005-2017): An Age and Gender Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Blázquez-Fernández ◽  
David Cantarero-Prieto ◽  
Marta Pascual-Sáez
Keyword(s):  
European Countries ◽  
Gender Analysis ◽  
Okun’S Law ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Okun's Law ◽  
And Gender

scholarly journals UNEMPLOYMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA: DOES OKUN’S LAW MATTERS?

10.23856/3203 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-37
Author(s):  
Oluwaseyi Adedayo Adelowokan ◽  
Adeteji Olusegun Оkutimiren
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Okun’S Law ◽  
Okun's Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The situation in Nigeria is rapid population growth with high level of unemployment rate. The theoretical proposition of the Okun’s law suggests an indirect relationship existing between unemployment and output growth. This study tests the validity of Okun’s law by examining the impact of youth employment generation on sustainable growth in the Nigerian economy. We modeled real gross domestic product against unemployment rate, population growth, labour and government expenditure between 1986 and 2017. The empirical findings show that there is short- and long- run relationship existing between unemployment rate, population growth and output growth in Nigeria. Hence, study recommends that the activities by the government in promoting economic growth in the country should be geared towards promoting employment for the people in other sector.

scholarly journals International Variation in Ageing and Economic Dependency: A Cohort Perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke Loichinger ◽  
Vegard Skirbekk
Keyword(s):  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Demographic Structure ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Economic Dependency ◽  
Dependency Ratios ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Specific

Within this analysis of demographic and economic dependency ratios for 45 countries around the world, we reiterate the importance of age- and gender-specific employment levels as well as their determinants when discussing the economic challenges associated with population ageing. Building upon existing research on economic dependency, we portray and discuss cohort variation in employment and its possible effect on the challenges of population ageing, focusing on the implications of high youth unemployment, the role of changes in female employment and the evolution of retirement patterns across cohorts. The insights from our analysis reaffirm findings elsewhere that younger populations may not be as well off in the light of demographic change as an analysis of their demographic structure alone would suggest and stress the importance of considering the cohort dimension of employment in this discussion.

scholarly journals The Impact of GDP and Its Expenditure Components on Unemployment Within BRICS Countries: Evidence of Okun’s Law From Aggregate and Disaggregated Approaches

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 215824402110234
Author(s):  
Shabir Mohsin Hashmi ◽  
Ali Gul Khushik ◽  
Muhammad Akram Gilal ◽  
Zhao Yongliang
Keyword(s):  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Government Expenditures ◽  
Okun’S Law ◽  
Entire Sample ◽  
Okun's Law ◽  
Econometric Methods ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Disaggregated Data ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the responsiveness of changes in the unemployment rate to changes in output for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) using aggregate and disaggregated data from 1991 to 2018. We also split the entire sample period into two subsamples (from 1991 to 2008 and 2009 to 2018) to see the responsiveness of changes in the unemployment rate to changes in the GDP in pre and post global financial crisis period of 2007–2008. Three different econometric methods were employed for conducting the analysis. Results obtained from aggregated and disaggregated data for the entire sample and two subsamples confirm the validity of the Okun law for BRICS. The postcrisis period Okun’s law estimates are larger than those from the full sample and precrisis period. Disaggregated data results show private consumption is the main determinant of the unemployment rate and its estimate is negative and significant. Along with consumption expenditures, other variables that have relevancy in determining changes in the unemployment rate are government expenditures, exports, and imports. Based on aggregated and disaggregated data results, it is recommended that the relevant authorities must focus sustainable economic growth for reducing unemployment rate in the country. Particularly, they must incentivize consumption and government expenditures, boost exports, and curtail imports for reducing the unemployment rate.

1603-P: Changes in Age- and Gender-Specific All-Cause Mortality Rates and Ratios in People with T2DM in Hungary between 2001-2016: A Nationwide Cohort Study

Diabetes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 1603-P
Author(s):  
GYORGY JERMENDY ◽  
ZOLTAN KISS ◽  
GYÖRGY ROKSZIN ◽  
IBOLYA FÁBIÁN ◽  
ISTVAN WITTMANN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Specific

Developing waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio percentile curves for Pakistani children and adolescents aged 2–18 years using Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS) method

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 983-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Asif ◽  
Muhammad Aslam ◽  
Saima Altaf ◽  
Sajid Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Central Obesity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Height Ratio ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Percentile Curves ◽  
Lms Method ◽  
Waist To Height Ratio ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Specific

AbstractObjectivesChildren from different countries and with different ethnic backgrounds have a distinct pattern of central fat deposition. Therefore, it is essential to develop population-specific percentiles of waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and waist-to-height ratio exponent (WHtR (exp)) for the evaluation of central obesity. The objective of this study was to develop age-and-gender-specific smoothed WC and WHtR percentile curves for the Pakistani children and adolescents aged 2–18 years.MethodsA cross-sectional data-set from a multi-ethnic anthropometric survey was considered. A sample of 10,668 healthy subjects (boys = 51.92%; and girls = 48.08%), aged 2–18 years was studied. Height (cm) and WC (cm) of each subject was measured under standard procedure and WHtR & WHtR (exp) were calculated. Age-and-gender-specific smoothed curves were obtained using the lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) method and compared with percentile curves obtained from different countries.ResultsExcept few early ages, the WC values increased with age in both sexes. Both boys and girls had approximately similar WC during 6–11 years of age and after age of 11, the boys had larger WC than the girls had. For WHtR, the centile curves showed a continuous decrease by 16 years of age and then increased gradually. WHtR of the girls in various ages were having similar or higher than those of the boys. In comparison of WC 50th and 90th percentiles with other countries, it was found that except few ages, the Pakistani children had larger WC than the other reference populations and the results of WHtR were also comparable to the other nations.ConclusionsWe present new reference data of WC, WHtR and WHtR (exp) using a representative sample of the Pakistani children aged 2–18 years. These reference values can be used provisionally for early detection of central obesity and its associated risks in the Pakistani children.

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