scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Multihop Underground Magnetic Induction Communication

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1255
Author(s):  
Mariam Ishtiaq ◽  
Seung-Hoon Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Induction ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Performance Bounds ◽  
Identical Distribution ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
End To End ◽  
Smart Agriculture ◽  
Analytical Expressions ◽  
State 1

Magnetic induction (MI) is a promising solution for realizing wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) for many applications such as smart agriculture, surveillance, and environmental monitoring. In this study, a practical deployment model for a multihop MI-WUSN was developed, and its end-to-end performance was evaluated in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio, channel capacity, and bit error rate. We considered a multihop MI-WUSN and evaluated its end-to-end statistical performance for two scenarios pertaining to the hop state: (1) independent and identical distribution (IID) and (2) independent and non-identical distribution (INID). We derived analytical expressions for the performance evaluation and analysis of both scenarios by varying the number of hops and channel conditions. Our extensive numerical results show that asymptotic performance bounds can be obtained for the IID of hops. An analysis of the INID of hops yielded practical results that can facilitate decisive optimisation trade-offs and that can help reduce the system design overhead.

Dual-Hop Amplify-and-Forward Variable Gain Relaying over Mixture Gamma Fading Channels

2015 ◽  
Vol 719-720 ◽  
pp. 767-772
Author(s):  
Wei Jun Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Fading Channels ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Symbol Error Rate ◽  
Amplify And Forward ◽  
Variable Gain ◽  
Average Symbol Error Rate ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
End To End ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Relaying System

In this paper, we present the end-to-end performance of a dual-hop amplify-and-forward variablegain relaying system over Mixture Gamma distribution. Novel closed-form expressions for the probability density function and the moment-generation function of the end-to-end Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are derived. Moreover, the average symbol error rate, the average SNR and the average capacity are found based on the above new expressions, respectively. These expressions are more simple and accuracy than the previous ones obtained by using generalized-K (KG) distribution. Finally, numerical and simulation results are shown to verify the accuracy of the analytical results.

scholarly journals On the confusion coefficient of Boolean functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Yu Zhou ◽  
Jianyong Hu ◽  
Xudong Miao ◽  
Yu Han ◽  
Fuzhong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Boolean Function ◽  
Boolean Functions ◽  
Power Analysis ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Sum Of Squares ◽  
Hamming Weight ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Cryptographic Algorithms ◽  
Transparency Order

Abstract The notion of the confusion coefficient is a property that attempts to characterize confusion property of cryptographic algorithms against differential power analysis. In this article, we establish a relationship between the confusion coefficient and the autocorrelation function for any Boolean function and give a tight upper bound and a tight lower bound on the confusion coefficient for any (balanced) Boolean function. We also deduce some deep relationships between the sum-of-squares of the confusion coefficient and other cryptographic indicators (the sum-of-squares indicator, hamming weight, algebraic immunity and correlation immunity), respectively. Moreover, we obtain some trade-offs among the sum-of-squares of the confusion coefficient, the signal-to-noise ratio and the redefined transparency order for a Boolean function.

Farmer-Prioritized Climate-Smart Agriculture Technologies

2020 ◽  
pp. 423-445
Author(s):  
Caroline Mwongera ◽  
Chris M. Mwungu ◽  
Mercy Lungaho ◽  
Steve Twomlow
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Smart Agriculture ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Context Specific

Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) focuses on productivity, climate-change adaptation, and mitigation, and the potential for developing resilient food production systems that lead to food and income security. Lately, several frameworks and tools have been developed to prioritize context-specific CSA technologies and assess the potential impacts of selected options. This study applied a mixed-method approach, the climate-smart agriculture rapid appraisal (CSA-RA) tool, to evaluate farmers’ preferred CSA technologies and to show how they link to the sustainable development goals (SDGs). The chapter examines prioritized CSA options across diverse study sites. The authors find that the prioritized options align with the food security and livelihood needs of smallholder farmers, and relate to multiple sustainable development goals. Specifically, CSA technologies contribute to SDG1 (end poverty), SDG2 (end hunger and promote sustainable agriculture), SDG13 (combating climate change), and SDG15 (life on land). Limited awareness on the benefits of agriculture technologies and the diversity of outcomes desired by stakeholders’ present challenges and trade-offs for achieving the SDGs. The CSA-RA provides a methodological approach linking locally relevant indicators to the SDG targets.

scholarly journals A Novel Consistent Quality Driven for JEM Based Distributed Video Coding

Algorithms ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinh Trieu Duong ◽  
Huy Phi Cong ◽  
Xiem Hoang Van
Keyword(s):  
Video Coding ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Video Quality ◽  
Visual Quality ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Distributed Video Coding ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Optimal Values

Distributed video coding (DVC) is an attractive and promising solution for low complexity constrained video applications, such as wireless sensor networks or wireless surveillance systems. In DVC, visual quality consistency is one of the most important issues to evaluate the performance of a DVC codec. However, it is the fact that the quality of the decoded frames that is achieved in most recent DVC codecs is not consistent and it is varied with high quality fluctuation. In this paper, we propose a novel DVC solution named Joint exploration model based DVC (JEM-DVC) to solve the problem, which can provide not only higher performance as compared to the traditional DVC solutions, but also an effective scheme for the quality consistency control. We first employ several advanced techniques that are provided in the Joint exploration model (JEM) of the future video coding standard (FVC) in the proposed JEM-DVC solution to effectively improve the performance of JEM-DVC codec. Subsequently, for consistent quality control, we propose two novel methods, named key frame quantization (KF-Q) and Wyner-Zip frame quantization (WZF-Q), which determine the optimal values of the quantization parameter (QP) and quantization matrix (QM) applied for the key and WZ frame coding, respectively. The optimal values of QP and QM are adaptively controlled and updated for every key and WZ frames to guarantee the consistent video quality for the proposed codec unlike the conventional approaches. Our proposed JEM-DVC is the first DVC codec in literature that employs the JEM coding technique, and then all of the results that are presented in this paper are new. The experimental results show that the proposed JEM-DVC significantly outperforms the relevant DVC benchmarks, notably the DISCOVER DVC and the recent H.265/HEVC based DVC, in terms of both Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) performance and consistent visual quality.

scholarly journals A Joint Routing and Channel Assignment Scheme for Hybrid Wireless-Optical Broadband-Access Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amitangshu Pal ◽  
Asis Nasipuri
Keyword(s):  
Channel Assignment ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Access Networks ◽  
Network Interface ◽  
Broadband Access ◽  
Broadband Access Networks ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
End To End ◽  
Assignment Scheme

In this paper, we investigate mechanisms for improving the quality of communications in wireless-optical broadband access networks (WOBAN), which present a promising solution to meet the growing needs for capacity of access networks. This is achieved by using multiple gateways and multi-channel operation along with a routing protocol that effectively reduces the effect of radio interference. We present a joint route and channel assignment scheme with the objective of maximizing the end-to-end probability of success and minimizing the end-to-end delay for all active upstream traffic in the WOBAN. Performance evaluations of the proposed scheme are presented using ns-2 simulations, which show that the proposed scheme improves the network throughput up to three times and reduces the traffic delay by six times in presence of 12 channels and four network interface cards (NICs), compared to a single channel scenario.

Signal Propagation and Analysis in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 60-78
Author(s):  
Adamu Murtala Zungeru ◽  
Joseph Chuma ◽  
Mmoloki Mangwala ◽  
Boyce Sigweni ◽  
Oduetse Matsebe
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Magnetic Induction ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Pulse Power ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Nonlinear Program

The most challenging issue in the design of wireless sensor networks for the application of localization in the underground environment, mostly for miner’s location, is the sensor nodes’ energy consumption, efficiency and communication. Underground Wireless Sensor Networks are active and promising area of application of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), whereby sensor nodes perform sensing duties in the underground environment. Most of the communication techniques used in the underground environment experience a high path loss and hence, hinders the range needed for transmission. However, the available option to increase information transmission is to increase the transmission power which needs large size of apparatus which is also limited in the underground. To solve the mentioned problems, this paper proposed a Magnetic Induction based Pulse Power. Analytical results of the Magnetic Induction based Pulse Power with an ordinary magnetic induction communication technique show an improvement in Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and path loss with variation in distance between nodes and frequency of operation. This paper further formulates a nonlinear program to determine the optimal data (events) extraction in a grid based WUSNs.

scholarly journals Governing Food and Agriculture in a Warming World

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Newell ◽  
Olivia Taylor ◽  
Charles Touni
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Political Ecology ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Global Institutions ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Smart Agriculture ◽  
Warming World

Understanding how, why, and whether the trade-offs and tensions around simultaneous implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals are resolved both sustainably and equitably requires an appreciation of power relations across multiple scales of governance. We explore the politics and political economy of how the nexus around food, energy, and water is being governed through initiatives to promote climate-smart agriculture (CSA) as it moves from the global to the local. We combine an analysis of how these interrelationships are being governed (and ungoverned) by key global institutions with reflection on the consequences of this for developing countries that are being targeted by CSA initiatives. In particular, we look at Kenya as a country heavily dependent on agriculture, but also subject to some of the worst effects of climate change and which has been a focus for a range of bilateral and multilateral donors with their preferred visions of CSA. We draw on strands of literature in global environmental politics, political ecology, and the political economy of development to make sense of the power dynamics that characterize the multiscalar politics of how CSA is translated, domesticated, and operationalized in practice.

scholarly journals Design and spectral analysis of mixed-carrier communication for sixth-generation networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 476 (2238) ◽  
pp. 20200165
Author(s):  
Ahmed F. Hussein ◽  
Hany Elgala
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Optical Power ◽  
Spectrum Management ◽  
Visible Light Communications ◽  
Experimental Proof ◽  
Millimetre Wave ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Sixth Generation ◽  
Carrier Communication

The fifth-generation (5G) wireless cellular network is expected to be ready for commercialization within this year. The huge spectrum enabled by the millimetre-wave (mm-Wave) technology is expected to introduce a hype in data usage per user. The 5G is also expected to concurrently support a wide variety of services; however, the practical trade-offs associated with concurrent services require further investigations. In this work, a physical layer (PHY) design to support visible light communications is considered to efficiently support concurrent services that are essential to serve the needs of the sixth-generation (6G) network. A novel communication technique, i.e. mixed-carrier communication (MCC), is proposed. MCC enables simultaneous wireless services such as broadband access, low-rate internet-of-things connectivity, device-free sensing, and device-based localization. This study presents, firstly, a thorough investigation of the design procedure of the novel MCC PHY, secondly, the spectral profile of MCC towards proper spectrum management and interference analysis, and thirdly, performance evaluation based on modelling, simulation and an experimental proof-of-concept. The design steps recommend that the system performance degrades beyond a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold. For instance, SNR of 25.1 dB and 2.6652 optical power ratio between the communications signal and the driving envelope, for 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (64-QAM), are recommended to avoid performance degradation due to clipping. Simulation results show an interference-immune performance of a properly managed spectrum. For a bit-error-rate (BER) of 10 −3 , an SNR penalty of 2–5 dB is observed for different interference scenarios. The experimental measurements illustrate a high-quality signal of 21 dB SNR at 50 cm and 10 −3 BER using 64-QAM.

scholarly journals Image Shadow Removal Using End-to-End Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Fan ◽  
Meng Han ◽  
Jinjiang Li
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Shadow Removal ◽  
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Edge Information ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Automatic Methods ◽  
End To End ◽  
High Level

Image degradation caused by shadows is likely to cause technological issues in image segmentation and target recognition. In view of the existing shadow removal methods, there are problems such as small and trivial shadow processing, the scarcity of end-to-end automatic methods, the neglecting of light, and high-level semantic information such as materials. An end-to-end deep convolutional neural network is proposed to further improve the image shadow removal effect. The network mainly consists of two network models, an encoder–decoder network and a small refinement network. The former predicts the alpha shadow scale factor, and the latter refines to obtain sharper edge information. In addition, a new image database (remove shadow database, RSDB) is constructed; and qualitative and quantitative evaluations are made on databases such as UIUC, UCF and newly-created databases (RSDB) with various real images. Using the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and the structural similarity (SSIM) for quantitative analysis, the algorithm has a big improvement on the PSNR and the SSIM as opposed to other methods. In terms of qualitative comparisons, the network shadow has a clearer and shadow-free image that is consistent with the original image color and texture, and the detail processing effect is much better. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to other algorithms, and it is more robust in subjective vision and objective quantization.

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