scholarly journals Natural Ventilation of Toilet Units in K–12 School Restrooms Using CFD

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4792
Author(s):  
Yi-Pin Lin
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Ventilation Efficiency ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Odor Pollution ◽  
Window Area ◽  
K 12

In this study, the influence of architectural design parameters (the exterior window area, the wall height at a corridor-side, and the door gap of a toilet unit) on the airflow patterns and malodorous volatile substance (acetic acid) distributions within toilet units were investigated via computational fluid dynamics (CFD), with the restrooms in K–12 public schools (kindergarten through grade 12) of Taiwan as research objects. The results show that when there is a 2 m/s north wind in winter, all the cases exceed the required 12 air changes per hour (ACH), and most are above 43.75 ACH. When there is a 0.5 m/s south wind in summer, nearly half of the cases fail to reach 12 ACH. Maintaining an adequate natural ventilation rate and an acceptable level of odor pollution through passive design and architectural design is difficult. Thinking about how to improve the ventilation efficiency of toilet units with the aid of simple, appropriate, and energy-saving mechanical ventilation approaches is necessary.

scholarly journals Natural Ventilation Effectiveness of Awning Windows in Restrooms in K-12 Public Schools

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung-Chin Chung ◽  
Yi-Pin Lin ◽  
Chun Yang ◽  
Chi-Ming Lai
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
12Th Grade ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Air Contaminant ◽  
Ventilation Effectiveness ◽  
K 12

Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), this study explores the effect of a different number of awning windows and their installation locations on the airflow patterns and air contaminant distributions in restrooms in K-12 (for kindergarten to 12th grade) public schools in Taiwan. A representative restroom configuration with dimensions of 10.65 m × 9.2 m × 3.2 m (height) was selected as the investigated object. Based on the façade design feasibility, seven possible awning window configurations were considered. The results indicate that an adequate number of windows and appropriate installation locations are required to ensure the natural ventilation effectiveness of awning windows. The recommended installation configuration is provided.

scholarly journals Optimization of Window Positions for Wind-Driven Natural Ventilation Performance

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2464
Author(s):  
Nari Yoon ◽  
Mary Ann Piette ◽  
Jung Min Han ◽  
Wentao Wu ◽  
Ali Malkawi
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Cfd Simulation ◽  
Design Decision ◽  
Building Facades ◽  
Window Position ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Ventilation Performance ◽  
Energy Simulations ◽  
The Impact

This paper optimizes opening positions on building facades to maximize the natural ventilation’s potential for ventilation and cooling purposes. The paper demonstrates how to apply computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation results to architectural design processes, and how the CFD-driven decisions impact ventilation and cooling: (1) background: A CFD helps predict the natural ventilation’s potential, the integration of CFD results into design decision-making has not been actively practiced; (2) methods: Pressure data on building facades were obtained from CFD simulations and mapped into the 3D modeling environment, which were then used to identify optimal positions of two openings of a zone. The effect of the selected opening positions was validated with building energy simulations; (3) results: The cross-comparison study of different window positions based on different geographical locations quantified the impact on natural ventilation effectiveness; and (4) conclusions: The optimized window position was shown to be effective, and some optimal solutions contradicted the typical cross-ventilation strategy.

scholarly journals Role of Architectural Design in Creating Circadian-Effective Interior Settings

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6731
Author(s):  
Baraa J. Alkhatatbeh ◽  
Somayeh Asadi
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Lighting Design ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Lighting Energy ◽  
Window Area

Daylight variability throughout the day makes it an ideal light source for the stimulation of humans’ circadian systems. However, the key criteria, including proper quantity, quality, and hours of access to daylight, are not always present inside the built environment. Therefore, artificial light is necessary to complement the human’s visual and non-visual needs for light. Architectural design parameters, such as window area, orientation, glazing material, and surface reflectance alter the characteristics of both daylight and artificial light inside buildings. These parameters and their impact on lighting design should be considered from the early design stages to attain a circadian-effective design. In response to this need, a design approach called Human-Centric Lighting (HCL) was introduced. HCL places humans, and their visual and non-visual needs, in the center of the design process. It manipulates the light-related factors, such as spectrum and intensity, within the built environment for circadian benefits. The effect of HCL on lighting energy efficiency is still not clear. This paper reviews essential architectural design parameters and their impacts on circadian lighting design, considers the HCL design process and explores the most widely used circadian lighting metrics and standards.

scholarly journals A Review to Innovative Ventilation Techniques Used in Historical Hospitals in Middle East and Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Shadi Maraqa ◽  
Ghassan Al-Dweik ◽  
G. Van Moeseke ◽  
A. De Herde
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Hospital Design ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Reduce Energy Consumption ◽  
System Approaches

Historically, natural ventilation has been an important factor to achieve thermal comfort and reduce energy consumption in healthcare buildings. Since the recent century, there has been an increasing change and scientific advancement that led to the reliance of mechanical ventilation systems in commercial buildings and especially in hospitals and healthcare settings. However, the fully mechanical system approaches have changed gradually after global warming and the lack of energy sources. In this context, this study investigated systematically, passive ventilation techniques used in medieval near eastern hospitals ”Bimaristans” and historical hospitals in Europe. The study traced the roots of natural ventilation in a sample of historical healthcare buildings. It also investigated ventilation techniques used in historical hospitals in Middle East and Europe. This study is looking forward to discover the architectural design parameters’ effects of historical hospitals on ventilation, to make a better environment for patients’ health by learning from past lessons in traditional architecture, and how could we adapt these techniques in our nowadays healthcare buildings. This step will allow further research on the adaption and integration of passive techniques inherited from the past in our contemporary hospital design.

The impacts of introducing voids combinations on indoor ventilation performance in high-rise residential buildings

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamza Laloui ◽  
Noor Hanita Abdul Majid ◽  
Aliyah Nur Zafirah Sanusi
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Design Feature ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Building Models ◽  
Ventilation Performance

PurposeThe paper aims to investigate and evaluate the impacts of the voids combination as a passive design feature on wind-driven ventilation performance in high-rise residential building units. It proposes a series of building models and thereon indoor ventilation performance and outlining why and how these building models designed with architectural design features are important. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how natural ventilation as a passive cooling strategy in living units of high-rise residential buildings can be applied through improving the provision of the architectural design feature of voids configurations.Design/methodology/approachThe study was carried out through field measurements experiment and the computational fluid dynamics methods. A series of numerical simulations were carried out to calculate the indoor ventilation rate inside the case studies of the generated building models based on various variables such as horizontal voids type, size and wind directions.FindingsThe results indicate that the provision of a single-sided horizontal voids in building models can improve the indoor ventilation rate in units with cross ventilation mode up to 4 times, depending on wind direction and living unit location. The indoor ventilation performance in units located in models with single-sided horizontal voids is 17.54% higher than the units located in models without voids configuration. Furthermore, higher indoor ventilation performance was achieved in the case scenarios located at higher levels compared to the middle and lower levels in both horizontal voids types.Originality/valueThis study explores the application of voids combinations for natural ventilation performance, investigates the numerical simulation results and validates field measurements experiment data using CFD simulation.

Simulation Study on Ventilation & Cooling for an Indoor Substation

2014 ◽  
Vol 672-674 ◽  
pp. 1700-1707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Xu ◽  
Zhong Min Mei ◽  
Ting Fang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Organization Design ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Air Distribution ◽  
Safety And Reliability ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Dimensional Simulation ◽  
Cfd Method

— Based on natural ventilation design scheme for an indoor substation, different air distribution schemes were obtained by changing height and size of air inlets and outlets. For indoor substation, three-dimensional simulation of air distribution was conducted by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. Ventilation & cooling effect of different indoor ventilation schemes were simulated with software (Fluent). By analyzing velocity fields and temperature fields, influences of different design parameters on safety and reliability of main transformer room of indoor substation were compared and analyzed in details. Additionally, characteristics and change rules of air distribution with different parameter variations were concluded. Considerations of ventilation organization design for main transformer room of indoor substation and recommendation for better air distribution schemes were provided. The research results also offered some guidance for design and renovation of ventilation & cooling projects of indoor substation.

Analysis of Natural Ventilation Efficiency of a Passive Solar Chimney in a Conference Hall of the Magic School of Green Technology

2013 ◽  
Vol 368-370 ◽  
pp. 603-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Han Chien ◽  
Hsien Te Lin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Solar Chimney ◽  
Air Exchange Rate ◽  
Ventilation Efficiency ◽  
Air Ventilation ◽  
Passive Solar ◽  
Ventilation Performance ◽  
Air Exchange

This study focuses on the efficiency of passive solar chimney in natural ventilation performance of the conference hall at the Magic School of Green Technology (MSGT) in Tainan, Taiwan. The air exchange rate in the conference hall was between 5.73 ACH and 9.11 ACH, which exceeded the minimum air ventilation rate required in Taiwan. This shows that a passive solar chimney can effectively applied to the conference hall to meet indoor ventilation and air exchange requirements without using air conditioning.

Estimation model for natural ventilation by wind force considering wind direction and building orientation for low-rise building in China

2020 ◽  
pp. 1420326X2094498
Author(s):  
Tian-Wen Wang ◽  
Wei Yin ◽  
Lin-Li Fu ◽  
Zhi-Yi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Cooling Capacity ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Wind Pressure ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Airflow Rate ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Wind Force

Building natural ventilation can effectively prevent the building from overheating and eliminate indoor pollutants, including viral aerosols and volatile organic compounds, without consuming energy. Natural ventilation by wind force is influenced by many factors, making it difficult to calculate accurately. This increases the complexity of designing natural ventilation systems. In this study, we use a computational fluid dynamics simulation and wind tunnel verification to determine the wind pressure coefficients of each facade of a cube-shaped building and draw their corresponding curves. Subsequently, we input the climate data of 31 major cities in China to analyse their potential for natural ventilation. The results show that although some cities have long ventilation hours, the wind-forced ventilation rate is relatively low. For example, cities such as Guangzhou and Nanning that were previously considered suitable for natural ventilation have relatively small ventilation rates that may reduce the cooling capacity of natural ventilation. The ratio, 0.12, of the average airflow rate to the local average wind velocity should be used to estimate the wind-ventilation rate during the early stages of architectural design to determine the total windows area in every facade.

scholarly journals Measurement of Classroom Acoustic Parameters in the Public Schools of Medellin

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (No 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan R. Juan R. Aguilar ◽  
Luz M. Tilano
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Sound Insulation ◽  
Reverberation Time ◽  
School Grade ◽  
Acoustic Parameters ◽  
Classroom Acoustics ◽  
The Public ◽  
Excessive Noise

Given the importance of classroom acoustics in the academic performance of school grade students, this research aims to assess the acoustical performance of a number of primary and secondary grade classrooms in public schools in Medellin, Colombia. Standardized measurements of classroom noise and reverberation time were taken in 26 classrooms located in seven public schools. The results revealed excessive noise and reverberation problems in all the classrooms assessed. The cause of this poor acoustical performance seems to be an inappropriate architectural design that prioritizes natural ventilation over classroom sound insulation and the lack of sound absorption materials to control classroom reverberation.

Effect of Skylight Width on Natural Ventilation in Industrial Workshop

2012 ◽  
Vol 446-449 ◽  
pp. 2904-2907
Author(s):  
Ya Xin Su ◽  
Xin Wan ◽  
A Long Su
Keyword(s):  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Indoor Temperature ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Temperature Environment ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Cfd Method

The authors numerically simulated the natural ventilation in an industrial workshop with heat sources by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method and the effect of skylight size on the indoor temperature, ventilation rate and air flow patterns inside the workshop was discussed in detail. Realizable k- turbulent model was used to calculate the flow. Results show that a larger skylight width improves the ventilation. The average air temperature at operation zone decreases and the waste heat directly going into the operation zone decreases when the skylight width increases. The ventilation rate increases very slightly when the skylight width increases from 6 meters to 9 meters, while it increases sharply when w exceeds 10 meters. When the skylight width increases, more hot air is exhausted and the higher temperature environment in the upper zone of the workshop is improved.

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