The Odor Release Regularity of Livestock and Poultry Manure and the Screening of Deodorizing Strains

Human living environments and health are seriously affected by the odor produced from fermentation of livestock and poultry manure. In order to reduce the odor pollution caused by livestock and poultry manure, efficient strains were screened and two methods were tried in this study. The orthogonal test design was used to analyze the gas produced by pig manure under different conditions of temperature, time, wheat straw doping amount and calcium carbonate doping amount. Then, according to ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and comprehensive odor removal effects, the high efficiency of deodorizing strains were screened. The results showed that pig manure produced the least odor when the temperature was 20 °C, added 0% calcium carbonate, 20% wheat straw and waited for 48 h. Three strains were screened to inhibit the odor production of pig manure: Paracoccus denitrificans, Bacillus licheniformis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, showed that their highest removal rate of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gas could reach 96.58% and 99.74% among them; while for three strains of end-control pig manure stench: Pichia kudriavzevii, P. denitrificans and Bacillus subtilis, the highest removal rate of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gas reached 85.91% and 90.80% among them. This research provides bacteria resources as the high-efficiency deodorizing function for the source suppression and the end treatment of the odor gas of pig manure, which has high application value for the control of odor pollution.

Natural Ventilation of Toilet Units in K–12 School Restrooms Using CFD

In this study, the influence of architectural design parameters (the exterior window area, the wall height at a corridor-side, and the door gap of a toilet unit) on the airflow patterns and malodorous volatile substance (acetic acid) distributions within toilet units were investigated via computational fluid dynamics (CFD), with the restrooms in K–12 public schools (kindergarten through grade 12) of Taiwan as research objects. The results show that when there is a 2 m/s north wind in winter, all the cases exceed the required 12 air changes per hour (ACH), and most are above 43.75 ACH. When there is a 0.5 m/s south wind in summer, nearly half of the cases fail to reach 12 ACH. Maintaining an adequate natural ventilation rate and an acceptable level of odor pollution through passive design and architectural design is difficult. Thinking about how to improve the ventilation efficiency of toilet units with the aid of simple, appropriate, and energy-saving mechanical ventilation approaches is necessary.

Analisis Gas Rumah Kaca dan Tingkat Kebauan Di TPA Sampah Sumompo Kota Manado Sulawesi Utara (Analysis of Greenhouse Gases and Odor Levels in the Sumompo TPA, Manado City, North Sulawesi)

Global warming is a condition of increasing the average temperature of the earth's surface due to excess greenhouse gases (Greenhouse Effect). The greenhouse effect, which is one of the important environmental problems with a destructive impact, must be addressed immediately. In addition to producing greenhouse gases CO2, CH4 and N2O, TPA also generates good quality gas, H2S and NH3. Generally, the level of odor pollution caused by ammonia gas (NH3) has passed the quality standard, while hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) has started the quality standard. The level of sulfur dioxide (SO2) greenhouse gas pollution varies from the lowest of 66.2 µg / Nm3 and the highest to 73.8 µg / Nm3 which is still below the quality standard of SO2 900 µg / Nm3. For carbon monoxide (CO), varies from the lowest 1680 µg / Nm3 to the highest 2460 µg / Nm3 is still below the quality standard of CO 30,000 µg / Nm3, and for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) applies from as low as 61.4 µg / Nm3 to 76. , 3 µg / Nm3 is still below the NO2 quality standard of 400 µg / Nm3. Seeing the current condition, the Sumompo TPA Trash is no longer suitable as a garbage dump in Manado City.

Chemical method of eliminating odors in commercial pig production

According to the Federal Waste Classification Catalogue swine manure and slurry are classified as hazardous wastes of class 3. When stored these wastes emit various gases into the atmosphere including greenhouse gases. It is possible to solve this problem by using a chemical approach. For binding pollutants of acidic nature it is proposed to use sodium hypochlorite showing the properties of bases, while for the substances having basic properties it is possible to use sulfuric acid. The distinctive feature of this method is the technology of using the wastes of chemical industry. This paper proposes and justifies the technological scheme of the chemical method for cleaning the air polluted by emissions from industrial pig enterprises. The research was performed under laboratory conditions, taking into account the technological specifics of pig industry. In the course of the study, gravimetric and potentiometric methods were used. The object of the study was native manure obtained from 4-month-old pigs. In the experiment, we used waste sulfuric acid and alkaline solution of sodium hypochlorite produced By "HaloPolymer Kirovo-Chepetsk". The handbook of best available methods in pig industry recommends using low-waste technologies, while it is possible to use waste products from local chemical enterprises for recycling agricultural waste. The technological solution will make it possible to reduce the concentration of odorigenic substances in the air of livestock premises, to eliminate odors from ventilation emissions, to reduce the toxicity of manure effluent and to process toxic fresh pig manure into granular organic fertilizer. The introduction of this scheme into industrial pig farming will dramatically reduce the amount of malodorous animal waste, significantly reduce odor pollution and improve the environmental situation in the areas adjacent to pig farms.

How Can Odors Be Measured? An Overview of Methods and Their Applications

In recent years, citizens’ attention towards air quality and pollution has increased significantly, and nowadays, odor pollution related to different industrial activities is recognized as a well-known environmental issue. For this reason, odors are subjected to control and regulation in many countries, and specific methods for odor measurement have been developed and standardized over the years. This paper, conceived within the H2020 D-NOSES project, summarizes odor measurement techniques, highlighting their applicability, advantages, and limits, with the aim of providing experienced as well as non-experienced users a useful tool that can be consulted in the management of specific odor problems for evaluating and identifying the most suitable approach. The paper also presents relevant examples of the application of the different methods discussed, thereby mainly referring to scientific articles published over the last 10 years.

Evaluating Urban Odor with Field Olfactometry in Camden, NJ

Odor annoyance negatively impacts residents of communities adjacent to persistent nuisance industries. These residents, often with a high percentage of minority or otherwise marginalized residents, experience subjective and objective impacts on health and well-being; yet, reliable methods for quantifying and categorizing odors have been elusive. Field olfactometry is integral to the study of odor annoyance experienced by communities as it includes both qualitative (human perception) and quantitative (intensity measurement) dimensions of human odor experience and has been employed by municipalities in the U.S. to evaluate odor pollution levels. Cartographic visualization of odor data recorded using a field olfactometer offers further opportunity to evaluate potential patterns of odor annoyance, yet the use of field olfactometry and geographic information systems have not been frequently employed by geographers. By employing a mixed-methods approach to evaluate odor pollution, this study addresses the environmental justice context by quantifying and categorizing the presence of odor pollution in Waterfront South, a neighborhood in Camden, NJ previously identified for its disproportionate malodor burden. This study offers support to mixed methods research and the need for monitoring subjective and objective impacts in communities with compounding odor nuisance industries.

Compounds without borders: a novel paradigm for quantifying complex odors and responses to scent-pollution in bumblebees

Bumblebees are critical pollinators whose populations have been experiencing troubling declines over the past several decades. Successful foraging improves colony fitness, thus understanding how anthropogenic influences modulate foraging behavior may aid conservation efforts. Odor pollution can have negative impacts on bumble- and honey-bees foraging behavior. However, given the vast array of potential scent contaminants, individually testing pollutants is an ineffective approach. The ability to quantitatively measure how much scent-pollution of a floral-odor bumblebees can tolerate would represent a paradigm shift in odor-pollution studies. Current statistical methods for analyzing complex odors have poor predictive power because statistically-derived odor-spaces are rewritten when new odors are added. This study presents an alternative method of analyzing complex odor blends based on the encoding properties of insect olfactory systems. This “Compounds Without Borders” (CWB) method vectorizes odors in a multidimensional space representing relevant functional group and carbon characteristics of their component odorants. A single vector can be built for any scent, which allows the angular distance between any two odors to be calculated – including a learned odor and its polluted counterpart. Data presented here indicate that CWB-angles are capable of both describing and predicting bumblebee odor-discrimination behavior: odor pairs with angular distances in the 20-29° range are generalized, while odor pairs over 30 degrees are differentiated. The neurophysiological properties underlying CWB-vectorization of odors are not unique to bumblebees; CWB-angle analysis of published data on a hawkmoth supports the idea that this method may have broader applications.