scholarly journals A Review of Modelling of the FCC Unit—Part II: The Regenerator

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 388
Author(s):  
Thabang W. Selalame ◽  
Raj Patel ◽  
Iqbal M. Mujtaba ◽  
Yakubu M. John
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Fluid Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Heavy Petroleum ◽  
Current Generation ◽  
Building Models ◽  
The Future ◽  
Kinetics Of

Heavy petroleum industries, including the Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) unit, are among some of the biggest contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The FCC unit’s regenerator is where these emissions originate mostly, meaning the operation of FCC regenerators has come under scrutiny in recent years due to the global mitigation efforts against climate change, affecting both current operations and the future of the FCC unit. As a result, it is more important than ever to develop models that are accurate and reliable at predicting emissions of various greenhouse gases to keep up with new reporting guidelines that will help optimise the unit for increased coke conversion and lower operating costs. Part 1 of this paper was dedicated to reviewing the riser section of the FCC unit. Part 2 reviews traditional modelling methodologies used in modelling and simulating the FCC regenerator. Hydrodynamics and kinetics of the regenerator are discussed in terms of experimental data and modelling. Modelling of constitutive parts that are important to the FCC unit, such as gas–solid cyclones and catalyst transport lines, are also considered. This review then identifies areas where the current generation of models of the regenerator can be improved for the future. Parts 1 and 2 are such that a comprehensive review of the literature on modelling the FCC unit is presented, showing the guidance and framework followed in building models for the unit.

scholarly journals A Review of Modelling of the FCC Unit. Part I: The Riser

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 308
Author(s):  
Thabang W. Selalame ◽  
Raj Patel ◽  
Iqbal M. Mujtaba ◽  
Yakubu M. John
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Catalyst Deactivation ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Fluid Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Heavy Petroleum ◽  
Changing Trends ◽  
Cracking Reaction ◽  
Regenerator System ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Modelling Approaches

Heavy petroleum industries, including the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, are useful for producing fuels but they are among some of the biggest contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The recent global push for mitigation efforts against climate change has resulted in increased legislation that affects the operations and future of these industries. In terms of the FCC unit, on the riser side, more legislation is pushing towards them switching from petroleum-driven energy sources to more renewable sources such as solar and wind, which threatens the profitability of the unit. On the regenerator side, there is more legislation aimed at reducing emissions of GHGs from such units. As a result, it is more important than ever to develop models that are accurate and reliable, that will help optimise the unit for maximisation of profits under new regulations and changing trends, and that predict emissions of various GHGs to keep up with new reporting guidelines. This article, split over two parts, reviews traditional modelling methodologies used in modelling and simulation of the FCC unit. In Part I, hydrodynamics and kinetics of the riser are discussed in terms of experimental data and modelling approaches. A brief review of the FCC feed is undertaken in terms of characterisations and cracking reaction chemistry, and how these factors have affected modelling approaches. A brief overview of how vaporisation and catalyst deactivation are addressed in the FCC modelling literature is also undertaken. Modelling of constitutive parts that are important to the FCC riser unit such as gas-solid cyclones, disengaging and stripping vessels, is also considered. This review then identifies areas where current models for the riser can be improved for the future. In Part II, a similar review is presented for the FCC regenerator system.

Quantitative Molecular Composition of Heavy Petroleum Fractions: A Case Study of Fluid Catalytic Cracking Decant Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 5307-5316
Author(s):  
Haidong Li ◽  
Yahe Zhang ◽  
Chunming Xu ◽  
Suoqi Zhao ◽  
Keng H. Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Fluid Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Molecular Composition ◽  
Heavy Petroleum ◽  
Petroleum Fractions

scholarly journals Research on Hazardous Waste Removal Management: Identification of the Hazardous Characteristics of Fluid Catalytic Cracking Spent Catalysts

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2289
Author(s):  
Haihui Fu ◽  
Yan Chen ◽  
Tingting Liu ◽  
Xuemei Zhu ◽  
Yufei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Hazardous Waste ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Petroleum Refining ◽  
Fluid Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Refining Industry ◽  
Spent Catalyst ◽  
Spent Catalysts ◽  
Petroleum Refining Industry

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) spent catalysts are the most common catalysts produced by the petroleum refining industry in China. The National Hazardous Waste List (2016 edition) lists FCC spent catalysts as hazardous waste, but this listing is very controversial in the petroleum refining industry. This study collects samples of waste catalysts from seven domestic catalytic cracking units without antimony-based passivation agents and identifies their hazardous characteristics. FCC spent catalysts do not have the characteristics of flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity, or infectivity. Based on our analysis of the components and production process of the FCC spent catalysts, we focused on the hazardous characteristic of toxicity. Our results show that the leaching toxicity of the heavy metal pollutants nickel, copper, lead, and zinc in the FCC spent catalyst samples did not exceed the hazardous waste identification standards. Assuming that the standards for antimony and vanadium leachate are 100 times higher than that of the surface water and groundwater environmental quality standards, the leaching concentration of antimony and vanadium in the FCC spent catalyst of the G set of installations exceeds the standard, which may affect the environmental quality of surface water or groundwater. The quantities of toxic substances in all spent FCC catalysts, except those from G2, does not exceed the standard. The acute toxicity of FCC spent catalysts in all installations does not exceed the standard. Therefore, we exclude “waste catalysts from catalytic cracking units without antimony-based passivating agent passivation nickel agent” from the “National Hazardous Waste List.”

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