scholarly journals Evaluation of Prediction Models for the Physical Properties in Fire-Flooding Exhaust Reinjection Process

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 562
Author(s):  
Yong Wang ◽  
Mingliang Chang ◽  
Long Chen ◽  
Shouxi Wang ◽  
Shihao Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Equations Of State ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
State Equations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Combustion Technology ◽  
Compressibility Factors ◽  
In Fire

The reinjection of the fire-flooding exhaust is a novel disposal process for handling the exhaust produced by the in-situ combustion technology. For reasonable process design and safe operation, it is of great significance to select an optimum property calculation method for the fire-flooding exhaust. However, due to the compositional particularity and the wide range of operating parameters during reinjection, the state equations in predicting the exhaust properties over the wide range of operating parameters have not been studied clearly yet. Hence, this paper investigates the applicability of several commonly-used equations of state, including the Soave–Redlich–Kwong equation, Peng–Robinson equation, Lee–Kesler–Plocker equation, Benedict–Webb–Rubin–Starling equation, and GERG-2008 equations. Employing Aspen Plus software, the gas densities, compressibility factors, volumetric coefficients, and dew points for five exhaust compositions are calculated. In comparison with the experimental data comprehensively, the result indicates that the Soave–Redlich–Kwong equation shows the highest precision over a wide range of temperature and pressure. The mean absolute percentage error for the above four parameters is 3.84%, 5.17%, 5.53%, and 4.33%, respectively. This study provides a reference for the accurate calculation of the physical properties of fire-flooding exhausts when designing and managing a reinjection system of fire-flooding exhaust.

Electron sources: Past, present, and future

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 764-765
Author(s):  
David C Joy
Keyword(s):  
Glass Tube ◽  
Source Size ◽  
Electron Gun ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Electron Sources ◽  
Difficult Decision ◽  
Probe Size ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Overall Performance

The electron source is the most important component of the Scanning electron microscope (SEM) since it is this which will determine the overall performance of the machine. The gun performance can be described in terms of quantities such as its brightness, its source size, its energy spread, and its stability and, depending on the chosen application, any of these factors may be the most significant one. The task of the electron gun in an SEM is, in fact, particularly difficult because of the very wide range of operational parameters that may be required e.g a variation in probe size of from a few angstroms to a few microns, and a probe current which may go from less than a pico-amp to more than a microamp. This wide range of operating parameters makes the choice of the optimum source for scanning microscopy a difficult decision.Historically, the first step up from the sealed glass tube ‘cathode ray generator’ was the simple, diode, tungsten thermionic emitter.

ANACONDA ALLOY 268

Alloy Digest ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Cold Working ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Zinc Alloy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Cold Worked

Abstract ANACONDA Alloy 268 is a copper-zinc alloy with excellent cold-working properties; it can be cold worked by all the conventional fabrication processes. Its corrosion resistance is excellent-to-good in most environments. This alloy has a wide range of applications including items such as springs, bathroom fixtures, automotive radiators, lamp sockets and sanitary traps. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fatigue. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-442. Producer or source: Anaconda American Brass Company.

CENTRI-CAST GRAY IRON 50

Alloy Digest ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Machine Tools ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Gray Iron ◽  
Centrifugally Cast ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nominal Tensile Strength ◽  
Cast Gray Iron

Abstract CENTRI-CAST GRAY IRON 50 is a centrifugally cast gray iron with a nominal tensile strength of 50,000 psi. It is cast in the form of tubing which has a wide range of uses in applications where size and shape are of paramount importance and freedom from pattern cost is an important consideration. Among its many applications are farm machinery, seals, bushings, machine tools and general machinery uses. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, microstructure, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and compressive and shear strength as well as fatigue. It also includes information on casting, heat treating, machining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: CI-51. Producer or source: Federal Bronze Products Inc..

CENTRI-CAST GRAY IRON 55

Alloy Digest ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Gray Iron ◽  
Centrifugally Cast ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nominal Tensile Strength ◽  
Cast Gray Iron

Abstract CENTRI-CAST GRAY IRON 55 is a centrifugally cast gray iron with a nominal tensile strength of 55,000 psi. It is produced in the form of tubing which has a wide range of uses in applications where size and shape are of paramount importance and freedom from pattern cost is an important consideration. Typical applications are seals, bushings, farm machinery, casings and general machinery uses. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, microstructure, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and compressive and shear strength as well as fatigue. It also includes information on casting, heat treating, machining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: CI-48. Producer or source: Federal Bronze Products Inc..

CHASE 14310

Alloy Digest ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Thermal Softening ◽  
High Conductivity ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract CHASE 14310 is a high-conductivity copper with excellent resistance to thermal softening. It is a deoxidized, electronic grade of copper with excellent formability, weldability and plateability. It is available in strip form and has a wide range of applications. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: Cu-341. Producer or source: Chase Brass & Copper Company Inc..

V&M T23

Alloy Digest ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Power Plant Boiler ◽  
Plant Boiler

Abstract Vallourec and Mannesmann (V and M) Tubes T23 is a power plant boiler tubing alloy developed to resist increasing operating parameters of pressure and temperature. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness and creep. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, and joining. Filing Code: SA-507. Producer or source: Vallourec & Mannesmann.

SAE 1345

Alloy Digest ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Alloy Steel ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Hand Tools ◽  
Manganese Alloy ◽  
Steel Mills ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract SAE 1345 is a through-hardening, manganese alloy steel with intermediate hardenability. It is most commonly used where good strength is needed but low-to-medium toughness is sufficient. Its wide range of uses in tools and machinery includes hand tools, gears, shafts, bolts and housings. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: SA-425. Producer or source: Alloy steel mills and foundries.

SAE 8642

Alloy Digest ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Alloy Steel ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Steel Mills ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Strength And Toughness

Abstract SAE 8642 is a triple-alloy steel that can be hardened by austenitizing and quenching in oil. This steel has moderate hardenability with relative high strength and toughness, especially in the quenched-and-tempered condition. It is used in a wide range of components, parts and tools; examples are bolts, shafts, gears, wrenches, axles and housings. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: SA-382. Producer or source: Alloy steel mills and foundries.

DOMEX 550MC

Alloy Digest ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Hsla Steel ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Bend Strength ◽  
Cold Forming ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hot Rolled ◽  
Earthmoving Machines

Abstract Domex 550MC is a hot-rolled, high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel for cold forming operations. It is available in thicknesses of 2.00-12.80 mm. The alloy meets or exceeds the requirements of S550MC in EN 10149-2. Applications include a wide range of fabricated components and steel structures, including truck chassis, crane booms, and earthmoving machines. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, tensile properties, and bend strength as well as fatigue. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, and joining. Filing Code: SA-594. Producer or source: SSAB Swedish Steel Inc.

UNS G50461

Alloy Digest ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Alloy Steel ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Chromium Alloy ◽  
Good Ductility ◽  
Steel Mills ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract UNS NO. G50461 is a low-chromium alloy steel with boron added to increase its hardenability. This steel has medium hardenability and strength with good ductility. It is used in a wide range of machinery and tool applications where its properties meet the requirements. Another grade (UNS No. H50461) has similar properties but slightly wider ranges in percentages of carbon, manganese and chromium; this is known as the H-grade (Hardenability grade). This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: SA-408. Producer or source: Alloy steel mills and foundries.

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