Occurrence of P. aeruginosa in Water Intended for Human Consumption and in Swimming Pool Water

Considering the fact that water is a basic need of every living being, it is important to ensure its safety. In this work, the data on the presence of the opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa in drinking water (n = 4171) as well as in pool water (n = 5059) in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County in Croatia in the five-year period (2016–2020) were analysed. In addition, the national criteria were compared with those of neighboring countries and worldwide. The proportion of P. aeruginosa-positive samples was similar for drinking water (3.9%) and pool water (4.6%). The prevalence of this bacterium was most pronounced in the warmer season. P. aeruginosa-positive drinking water samples were mostly collected during building commissioning, while pool samples were from entertainment and spa/hydromassage pools. Outdoor pools showed a higher percentage of positive samples than indoor pools, as well as the pools filled with freshwater rather than seawater. The highest P. aeruginosa load was found in rehabilitation pools. Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro are countries that have included P. aeruginosa in their national regulations as an indicator of the safety of water for human consumption as well as for bottled water, while Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have limited this requirement to bottled water only. In the case of swimming pool water, this parameter is mandatory in all countries considered in this study.

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Perchlorate Levels in Polish Water Samples of Various Origin

Separations ◽

10.3390/separations8040037 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 37

Author(s):

Przemysław Niziński ◽

Patrycja Wiśniewska ◽

Joanna Kończyk ◽

Rajmund Michalski

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Primary Objective ◽

Swimming Pool ◽

Limit Of Quantification ◽

Reliable Determination ◽

Pool Water ◽

Drinking Waters ◽

Swimming Pool Water

Perchlorate ion (ClO4−) is known as a potent endocrine disruptor and exposure to this compound can result in serious health issues. It has been found in drinking water, swimming pools, and surface water in many countries, however, its occurrence in the environment is still poorly understood. The information on perchlorate contamination of Polish waters is very limited. The primary objective of this study was to assess ClO4− content in bottled, tap, river, and swimming pool water samples from different regions of Poland and provide some data on the presence of perchlorate. We have examined samples of bottled, river, municipal, and swimming pool water using the IC–CD (ion chromatography–conductivity detection) method. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.43 µg/L and 1.42 µg/L, respectively, and they were both above the current health advisory levels in drinking water. The concentration of perchlorate were found to be 3.12 µg/L in one river water sample and from 6.38 to 8.14 µg/L in swimming pool water samples. Importantly, the level of perchlorate was below the limit of detection (LOD) in all bottled water samples. The results have shown that the determined perchlorate contamination in Polish drinking waters seems to be small, nevertheless, further studies are required on surface and river samples. The inexpensive, fast, and sensitive IC–CD method used in this study allowed for a reliable determination of perchlorate in the analyzed samples. To the best of our knowledge, there are no other studies seeking to assess the perchlorate content in Polish waters.

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Determination of Dissolved Bromate in Drinking Water by Ion Chromatography and Post Column Reaction: Interlaboratory Study

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.5740/jaoacint.10-404 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 94 (5) ◽

pp. 1592-1600 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Fernando Cordeiro ◽

Piotr Robouch ◽

Maria Beatriz de la Calle ◽

Håkan Emteborg ◽

Jean Charoud-Got ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Ion Chromatography ◽

Standard Method ◽

Collaborative Study ◽

Swimming Pool ◽

Performance Characteristics ◽

Method Performance ◽

Pool Water ◽

Swimming Pool Water

Abstract A collaborative study, International Evaluation Measurement Programme®-25a, was conducted in accordance with international protocols to determine the performance characteristics of an analytical method for the determination of dissolved bromate in drinking water. The method should fulfill the analytical requirements of Council Directive 98/83/EC (referred to in this work as the Drinking Water Directive; DWD). The new draft standard method under investigation is based on ion chromatography followed by post-column reaction and UV detection. The collaborating laboratories used the Draft International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/Draft International Standard (DIS) 11206 document. The existing standard method (ISO 15061:2001) is based on ion chromatography using suppressed conductivity detection, in which a preconcentration step may be required for the determination of bromate concentrations as low as 3 to 5 μg/L. The new method includes a dilution step that reduces the matrix effects, thus allowing the determination of bromate concentrations down to 0.5 μg/L. Furthermore, the method aims to minimize any potential interference of chlorite ions. The collaborative study investigated different types of drinking water, such as soft, hard, and mineral water. Other types of water, such as raw water (untreated), swimming pool water, a blank (named river water), and a bromate standard solution, were included as test samples. All test matrixes except the swimming pool water were spiked with high-purity potassium bromate to obtain bromate concentrations ranging from 1.67 to 10.0 μg/L. Swimming pool water was not spiked, as this water was incurred with bromate. Test samples were dispatched to 17 laboratories from nine different countries. Sixteen participants reported results. The repeatability RSD (RSDr) ranged from 1.2 to 4.1%, while the reproducibility RSD (RSDR) ranged from 2.3 to 5.9%. These precision characteristics compare favorably with those of ISO 15601. A thorough comparison of the performance characteristics is presented in this report. All method performance characteristics obtained in the frame of this collaborative study indicate that the draft ISO/DIS 11206 standard method meets the requirements set down by the DWD. It can, therefore, be considered to fit its intended analytical purpose.

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Environmental occurrence and risk assessment of haloacetic acids in swimming pool water and drinking water

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/d0ra02389b ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (47) ◽

pp. 28267-28276

Author(s):

Huihui Zhao ◽

Linyan Yang ◽

Yejin Li ◽

Weibo Xue ◽

Kai Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Human Exposure ◽

Statistical Correlation ◽

Swimming Pool ◽

Haloacetic Acids ◽

Pool Water ◽

Swimming Pool Water

Environmental occurrence, statistical correlation, and human exposure of haloacetic acids in swimming pool water and drinking water were systematically investigated.

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Review of swimming-associated cryptosporidiosis and Cryptosporidium oocysts removals from swimming pools

Water Quality Research Journal ◽

10.2166/wqrjc.2013.036 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 30-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ping Lu ◽

Tao Yuan ◽

Qiyan Feng ◽

Aiqin Xu ◽

Jiayuan Li

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Removal Rate ◽

Drinking Water Treatment ◽

Swimming Pool ◽

Swimming Pools ◽

Sand Filters ◽

Pool Water ◽

Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽

Swimming Pool Water

In this paper, outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in swimming pools in the last 20 years are summarized. Cryptosporidium oocysts are very resistant to many disinfectants, including chlorine, one of the most widely-used disinfectants in swimming pools. Ozone or UV is shown to inactivate Cryptosporidium, while not effective to newly introduced Cryptosporidium and bacteria because of no residual ozone or UV in the treated swimming pool water. Additionally, swimming pool sand filters or cartridge filters are not able to effectively remove Cryptosporidium (removal rate <50%). Above 99% Cryptosporidium removals are achieved in drinking water treatment, but swimming pool water treatment is different from drinking water treatment: no coagulation is performed prior to filtration in most US swimming pools, filtration rate is four to five times higher for swimming pool water treatment compared with drinking water treatment, and the input compounds and microorganisms from bathers continuously recirculate in the swimming pool. Moreover, up-to-date Cryptosporidium or Cryptosporidium surrogate removals from swimming pools are discussed, and alternative swimming pool treatment techniques are reviewed.

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