Review of swimming-associated cryptosporidiosis and Cryptosporidium oocysts removals from swimming pools

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Lu ◽  
Tao Yuan ◽  
Qiyan Feng ◽  
Aiqin Xu ◽  
Jiayuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

In this paper, outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in swimming pools in the last 20 years are summarized. Cryptosporidium oocysts are very resistant to many disinfectants, including chlorine, one of the most widely-used disinfectants in swimming pools. Ozone or UV is shown to inactivate Cryptosporidium, while not effective to newly introduced Cryptosporidium and bacteria because of no residual ozone or UV in the treated swimming pool water. Additionally, swimming pool sand filters or cartridge filters are not able to effectively remove Cryptosporidium (removal rate <50%). Above 99% Cryptosporidium removals are achieved in drinking water treatment, but swimming pool water treatment is different from drinking water treatment: no coagulation is performed prior to filtration in most US swimming pools, filtration rate is four to five times higher for swimming pool water treatment compared with drinking water treatment, and the input compounds and microorganisms from bathers continuously recirculate in the swimming pool. Moreover, up-to-date Cryptosporidium or Cryptosporidium surrogate removals from swimming pools are discussed, and alternative swimming pool treatment techniques are reviewed.

The Occurrence of Unfavorable Phenomena in Swimming Pool Water

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Anna Lempart-Rapacewicz ◽  
Edyta Kudlek ◽  
Mariusz Dudziak ◽  
Marta Dyrała
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Organic Micropollutants ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
The Relationship

The study assessed unfavorable phenomena occurring in swimming pool water, including the occurrence of organic micropollutants in swimming pools and the transformation of these compounds during the swimming pool water treatment processes. The presence of three selected compounds was examined from the personal care products group (PCP) in pool water samples, collected in 2018 and 2019, from fifteen pools characterized using three different solutions of swimming pool water treatment systems. In addition, experimental studies on the effects of UV radiation and ozone on selected organic micropollutants, previously identified in swimming pools and the relationship between swimming pool water turbidity and the concentration of the selected PCP micropollutants, were carried out

Swimming Pools – Brief Outline of Water Treatment and Management

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. J. Powick
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
History Of ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

A brief history of the development of swimming pool water treatment and management has been discussed, applicable to both large and small pools. An outline of typical bathing loads and current methods of water treatment has been presented with particular emphasis being given to disinfection. Chlorine has been the traditional sole disinfectant used since the 1920's but alternatives are continually being sought. Chief amongst the alternatives to date has been ozone, used in conjunction with chlorine. Ozone acts as a powerful oxidiser and disinfectant but has little residual effect. Chlorine is therefore used to provide a residual in the pool. Current British trends in pool design and treatment have been noted.

scholarly journals Perchlorate Levels in Polish Water Samples of Various Origin

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Przemysław Niziński ◽  
Patrycja Wiśniewska ◽  
Joanna Kończyk ◽  
Rajmund Michalski
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Reliable Determination ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Perchlorate ion (ClO4−) is known as a potent endocrine disruptor and exposure to this compound can result in serious health issues. It has been found in drinking water, swimming pools, and surface water in many countries, however, its occurrence in the environment is still poorly understood. The information on perchlorate contamination of Polish waters is very limited. The primary objective of this study was to assess ClO4− content in bottled, tap, river, and swimming pool water samples from different regions of Poland and provide some data on the presence of perchlorate. We have examined samples of bottled, river, municipal, and swimming pool water using the IC–CD (ion chromatography–conductivity detection) method. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.43 µg/L and 1.42 µg/L, respectively, and they were both above the current health advisory levels in drinking water. The concentration of perchlorate were found to be 3.12 µg/L in one river water sample and from 6.38 to 8.14 µg/L in swimming pool water samples. Importantly, the level of perchlorate was below the limit of detection (LOD) in all bottled water samples. The results have shown that the determined perchlorate contamination in Polish drinking waters seems to be small, nevertheless, further studies are required on surface and river samples. The inexpensive, fast, and sensitive IC–CD method used in this study allowed for a reliable determination of perchlorate in the analyzed samples. To the best of our knowledge, there are no other studies seeking to assess the perchlorate content in Polish waters.

scholarly journals Nitrogen-metabolising Microorganism Analysis in Rapid Sand Filters From Drinking Water Treatment Plant by Culturing and Metagenomics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qihui Gu ◽  
Jun Ma ◽  
Jumei Zhang ◽  
Weipeng Guo ◽  
Huiqing Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Metabolic Model ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
N Removal

Abstract Sand filter (SFs) are common treatment processes for nitrogen pollutants removal in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). However, the mechanisms on the nitrogen-cycling role of SFs are still unclear. In this study, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was used to characterise the diversity and composition of the bacterial community in SFs from DWTPs. Additionally, metagenomics approach was used to determine the functional microorganisms involved in nitrogen cycle in SFs. Our results showed that Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Nitrospirae, and Chloroflexi dominated in SFs. Subsequently, 85 high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were retrieved from metagenome datasets of selected SFs involving nitrification, assimilatory nitrogen reduction, and denitrification processes. Read mapping to reference genomes of Nitrospira and the phylogenetic tree of the ammonia monooxygenase subunit A gene, amoA, suggested that Nitrospira is abundantly found in SFs. Furthermore, according to their genetic content, a nitrogen metabolic model in SFs was proposed using representative MAGs and pure culture isolates. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed that ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA), and complete ammonia oxidisers (comammox) were ubiquitous in the SFs, with the abundance of comammox being higher than that of AOA and AOB. Moreover, we identified a bacterial strain with a high NO3-N removal rate as Pseudomonas sp., which could be applied in the bioremediation of micro-polluted drinking water sources. Our study provides insights into functional nitrogen-metabolising microbes in SFs of DWTPs.

Ozone Swimming Pool Water Treatment Under Tropical Conditions

2000 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 677-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bataller ◽  
E. Veliz ◽  
R. Pérez-Rey ◽  
L. A. Fernández ◽  
M. Gutierrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

A novel acoustic imaging tool for monitoring the state of rapid sand filters

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-118
Author(s):  
Nihed Allouche ◽  
Dick G. Simons ◽  
Paul Keijzer ◽  
Luuk C. Rietveld ◽  
Joost Kappelhof
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Acoustic Waves ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
The State ◽  
Acoustic Response ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Cleaning Procedure ◽  
Filter Bed

A new technology based on acoustic waves is developed to monitor the state of sand filters used in drinking water treatment. Changes in the sand filter, due to the removal of suspended particles from the water and their accumulation in the pores, result in an increase of the bulk density and acoustic speed of the granular material. Consequently, the reflected acoustic response changes as the filter is in use. To monitor these changes, an instrument composed of an omnidirectional transmitter and an array of hydrophones was built. With frequencies ranging between 10 and 110 kHz, high resolution is achieved in the vertical direction enabling the detectability of clogged layers with a minimum thickness of 1 cm. The novel instrument is tested by conducting a monitoring experiment in a filter used in practice. A 2D scan over a part of the filter was performed and repeated every 2 hours over a period of 10 days. An analysis of the data revealed a local increase of the reflected acoustic response with increasing filter run time. The changes in acoustic signal are mainly observed at the upper 5 cm of the sand bed. It is also clear that the filter bed is slowly compacting as a function of time. The total compaction after a period of 10 days reached 3.5 cm. The filter bed is expanded again during the cleaning procedure. Once the procedure is completed, the upper 30 cm of the filter becomes more transparent, showing small accumulations of material at greater depth. The observed changes in the filter bed demonstrate the potential of this acoustic-based tool to monitor the state of rapid sand filters and optimise their performance. The new tool can be used to evaluate the cleaning procedure and is valuable in detecting lateral variations in the filter bed. These variations may indicate local clogging that needs to be removed effectively to avoid deterioration of the overall performance in the long term. This type of information is difficult to obtain from the monitoring techniques currently used in drinking water treatment.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF THE UV LAMP POWER ON THE FORMATION OF SWIMMING POOL WATER TREATMENT BY-PRODUCTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-138
Author(s):  
Edyta KUDLEK ◽  
Anna LEMPART ◽  
Mariusz DUDZIAK ◽  
Marta BUJAK
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
Uv Lamp ◽  
By Products

scholarly journals Methane emission and methanotrophic activity in groundwater-fed drinking water treatment plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 819-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmundas Maksimavičius ◽  
Peter Roslev
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Methane Emission ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Ammonia Removal ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Gas Stripping ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Methane Oxidizing Bacteria

Abstract Groundwater for drinking water production may contain dissolved methane (CH4) at variable concentrations. Most of this important greenhouse gas is often vented to the atmosphere during primary aeration and gas stripping processes at drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). However, limited information exists regarding emission and fate of methane at many groundwater-fed DWTPs. This study estimates emission of methane from 1,004 DWTPs in Denmark and includes data from 3,068 groundwater wells. The fate of methane and occurrence of methane oxidizing bacteria in DWTPs was examined, including the potential role in ammonia removal. Methane emission from Danish DWTPs was estimated to be 1.38–2.95 × 10−4 Tg CH4/y which corresponds to 0.05–0.11% of the national anthropogenic methane emission. Trace levels of methane remained in the drinking water after primary aeration and entered the sand filters as a potential microbial substrate. Methanotrophic bacteria and active methane oxidation was always detected in the sand filters at groundwater-fed DWTPs. Methanotrophic consortia isolated from DWTP sandfilters were inoculated into laboratory-scale sand filters and the activity confirmed that methanotrophic consortia can play a role in the removal of ammonia via assimilation and co-oxidation. This suggests a potential for facilitating the removal of inorganic constituents from drinking water using methane as a co-substrate.

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