scholarly journals Perchlorate Levels in Polish Water Samples of Various Origin

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Przemysław Niziński ◽  
Patrycja Wiśniewska ◽  
Joanna Kończyk ◽  
Rajmund Michalski
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Reliable Determination ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Perchlorate ion (ClO4−) is known as a potent endocrine disruptor and exposure to this compound can result in serious health issues. It has been found in drinking water, swimming pools, and surface water in many countries, however, its occurrence in the environment is still poorly understood. The information on perchlorate contamination of Polish waters is very limited. The primary objective of this study was to assess ClO4− content in bottled, tap, river, and swimming pool water samples from different regions of Poland and provide some data on the presence of perchlorate. We have examined samples of bottled, river, municipal, and swimming pool water using the IC–CD (ion chromatography–conductivity detection) method. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.43 µg/L and 1.42 µg/L, respectively, and they were both above the current health advisory levels in drinking water. The concentration of perchlorate were found to be 3.12 µg/L in one river water sample and from 6.38 to 8.14 µg/L in swimming pool water samples. Importantly, the level of perchlorate was below the limit of detection (LOD) in all bottled water samples. The results have shown that the determined perchlorate contamination in Polish drinking waters seems to be small, nevertheless, further studies are required on surface and river samples. The inexpensive, fast, and sensitive IC–CD method used in this study allowed for a reliable determination of perchlorate in the analyzed samples. To the best of our knowledge, there are no other studies seeking to assess the perchlorate content in Polish waters.

scholarly journals Optimization of HS-SPME analytical conditions using factorial design for trihalomethanes determination in swimming pool water samples

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 164-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Maia ◽  
Manuela Correia ◽  
Isabel M. Brás Pereira ◽  
Vitorino M. Beleza
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Determination of Dissolved Bromate in Drinking Water by Ion Chromatography and Post Column Reaction: Interlaboratory Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 1592-1600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Cordeiro ◽  
Piotr Robouch ◽  
Maria Beatriz de la Calle ◽  
Håkan Emteborg ◽  
Jean Charoud-Got ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ion Chromatography ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Method Performance ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Abstract A collaborative study, International Evaluation Measurement Programme®-25a, was conducted in accordance with international protocols to determine the performance characteristics of an analytical method for the determination of dissolved bromate in drinking water. The method should fulfill the analytical requirements of Council Directive 98/83/EC (referred to in this work as the Drinking Water Directive; DWD). The new draft standard method under investigation is based on ion chromatography followed by post-column reaction and UV detection. The collaborating laboratories used the Draft International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/Draft International Standard (DIS) 11206 document. The existing standard method (ISO 15061:2001) is based on ion chromatography using suppressed conductivity detection, in which a preconcentration step may be required for the determination of bromate concentrations as low as 3 to 5 μg/L. The new method includes a dilution step that reduces the matrix effects, thus allowing the determination of bromate concentrations down to 0.5 μg/L. Furthermore, the method aims to minimize any potential interference of chlorite ions. The collaborative study investigated different types of drinking water, such as soft, hard, and mineral water. Other types of water, such as raw water (untreated), swimming pool water, a blank (named river water), and a bromate standard solution, were included as test samples. All test matrixes except the swimming pool water were spiked with high-purity potassium bromate to obtain bromate concentrations ranging from 1.67 to 10.0 μg/L. Swimming pool water was not spiked, as this water was incurred with bromate. Test samples were dispatched to 17 laboratories from nine different countries. Sixteen participants reported results. The repeatability RSD (RSDr) ranged from 1.2 to 4.1%, while the reproducibility RSD (RSDR) ranged from 2.3 to 5.9%. These precision characteristics compare favorably with those of ISO 15601. A thorough comparison of the performance characteristics is presented in this report. All method performance characteristics obtained in the frame of this collaborative study indicate that the draft ISO/DIS 11206 standard method meets the requirements set down by the DWD. It can, therefore, be considered to fit its intended analytical purpose.

scholarly journals Occurrence of P. aeruginosa in Water Intended for Human Consumption and in Swimming Pool Water

Environments ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Darija Vukić Lušić ◽  
Nerma Maestro ◽  
Arijana Cenov ◽  
Dražen Lušić ◽  
Katarina Smolčić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Serbia And Montenegro ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Building Commissioning ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
Living Being

Considering the fact that water is a basic need of every living being, it is important to ensure its safety. In this work, the data on the presence of the opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa in drinking water (n = 4171) as well as in pool water (n = 5059) in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County in Croatia in the five-year period (2016–2020) were analysed. In addition, the national criteria were compared with those of neighboring countries and worldwide. The proportion of P. aeruginosa-positive samples was similar for drinking water (3.9%) and pool water (4.6%). The prevalence of this bacterium was most pronounced in the warmer season. P. aeruginosa-positive drinking water samples were mostly collected during building commissioning, while pool samples were from entertainment and spa/hydromassage pools. Outdoor pools showed a higher percentage of positive samples than indoor pools, as well as the pools filled with freshwater rather than seawater. The highest P. aeruginosa load was found in rehabilitation pools. Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro are countries that have included P. aeruginosa in their national regulations as an indicator of the safety of water for human consumption as well as for bottled water, while Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have limited this requirement to bottled water only. In the case of swimming pool water, this parameter is mandatory in all countries considered in this study.

scholarly journals Evaluating trihalomethanes in tap water and swimming pool water at Ho Chi Minh city

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-245
Author(s):  
Phu Ly Sy Nguyen ◽  
Tien Hoang Thuy Le ◽  
Long Chau Kim ◽  
Hien Thi To
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are byproducts of the process of disinfecting water with chlorine, in which, 4 compounds are most interested such as chloroform (CF), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and bromoform (BF). These DBPs even at very low concentrations pose harmful health effects. These health risks may include cancers, reproductive disorders, birth defects and miscarriage. This study evaluates the 4 THMs in water supplied at 6 districts of Ho Chi Minh City and in swimming pool water at Tan Binh district. All samples were extracted by using liquid- liquid extraction method with n-hexane: diisopropylether (1:1) before analyzing by GC-ECD. The results showed that 4/4 THMs were found in water samples and 2/4 THMs (chloroform and bromodichloromethane) were found in swimming pool water samples. The results showed that there are differences in the THMs levels between sampling site. The average concentration of THMs in supplied water was 31.40 ±29.23 μg.L-1 (20 – 110 μg.L-1), in swimming pool water was 109.78 ± 15.21 μg.L-1 (90 – 140 μg.L-1). The sampling site which has the highest average concentration is Tan Phu district (102.45 ± 16.0 μg.L-1) and the lowest is district 1 (23.74 ± 1.92 μg.L-1). The results showed that the concentration of THMs in the supplied water and swimming pool water does not exceed the limit of national technical regulation on drinking water quality (QCVN 01: 2009/BYT), however, the chloroform concentration of some sampling sites exceeds the limit given by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

scholarly journals Staphylococci in swimming pool water

1974 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. Crone ◽  
G. H. Tee
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
Filtration Technique ◽  
Different Parts

SUMMARYDuring a period of five years 1192 water samples from swimming pools were examined for staphylococci and 338 for coliform organisms only. Eighty-nine different pools were sampled.Numbers of staphylococci, estimated by the membrane filtration technique did not bear any significant relation to either bathing load or concentration of free chlorine.Wide variation in the staphylococcal count was observed when different parts of a pool were sampled on the same occasion.The only practicable standard for pool samples in relation to staphylococci would appear to be that these organisms should be absent from 100 ml. water when the pool has been out of use during at least ten hours before sampling if filtration and chlorination are adequate.

scholarly journals Determination of Micropollutants in Water Samples from Swimming Pool Systems

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Lempart ◽  
Edyta Kudlek ◽  
Mariusz Dudziak
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Selected Ion Monitoring ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
Available Information

The present study investigated the occurrence of selected micropollutants, including emerging contaminants from a group of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water samples from swimming pool systems. The study area was selected based on the lack of available information regarding suspected contamination of swimming pool water by PPCPs. The variety and concentration of chemical compounds in these aquatic systems can be quite diversified, presenting a challenge in terms of both purification and quality control. Determination of PPCPs requires very sensitive analytical methods that make it possible to confirm the presence of tested compounds in a complex organic extract. In this field, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) can be used. With this system, selected ion monitoring can be performed, which reduces the detection limits of the investigated analyte. This paper aims to present an analytical method and strategy that can be adapted to obtain information on the composition of water in swimming pool systems. The sample preparation methodology, including Solid Phase Extraction, has been developed for the trace determination of two pharmaceuticals—caffeine, carbamazepine—and one sunscreen constituent—benzophenone-3—in swimming pool water samples.

scholarly journals Environmental occurrence and risk assessment of haloacetic acids in swimming pool water and drinking water

RSC Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (47) ◽  
pp. 28267-28276
Author(s):  
Huihui Zhao ◽  
Linyan Yang ◽  
Yejin Li ◽  
Weibo Xue ◽  
Kai Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Environmental occurrence, statistical correlation, and human exposure of haloacetic acids in swimming pool water and drinking water were systematically investigated.

Review of swimming-associated cryptosporidiosis and Cryptosporidium oocysts removals from swimming pools

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Lu ◽  
Tao Yuan ◽  
Qiyan Feng ◽  
Aiqin Xu ◽  
Jiayuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

In this paper, outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in swimming pools in the last 20 years are summarized. Cryptosporidium oocysts are very resistant to many disinfectants, including chlorine, one of the most widely-used disinfectants in swimming pools. Ozone or UV is shown to inactivate Cryptosporidium, while not effective to newly introduced Cryptosporidium and bacteria because of no residual ozone or UV in the treated swimming pool water. Additionally, swimming pool sand filters or cartridge filters are not able to effectively remove Cryptosporidium (removal rate <50%). Above 99% Cryptosporidium removals are achieved in drinking water treatment, but swimming pool water treatment is different from drinking water treatment: no coagulation is performed prior to filtration in most US swimming pools, filtration rate is four to five times higher for swimming pool water treatment compared with drinking water treatment, and the input compounds and microorganisms from bathers continuously recirculate in the swimming pool. Moreover, up-to-date Cryptosporidium or Cryptosporidium surrogate removals from swimming pools are discussed, and alternative swimming pool treatment techniques are reviewed.

scholarly journals Genotyping and phylogenic study of Acanthamoeba isolates from human keratitis and swimming pool water samples in Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. e00164
Author(s):  
Bahman Rahimi Esboei ◽  
Mahdi Fakhar ◽  
Reza Saberi ◽  
Mohammad Barati ◽  
Masoumeh Moslemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document