scholarly journals Occurrence of Human Enteric Viruses in Shellfish along the Production and Distribution Chain in Sicily, Italy

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1384
Author(s):  
Giusi Macaluso ◽  
Annalisa Guercio ◽  
Francesca Gucciardi ◽  
Santina Di Bella ◽  
Giuseppina La Rosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Retail Stores ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Monitoring Programs ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Distribution Chain

Contamination of bivalve mollusks with human pathogenic viruses represents a recognized food safety risk. Thus, monitoring programs for shellfish quality along the entire food chain could help to finally preserve the health of consumers. The aim of the present study was to provide up-to-date data on the prevalence of enteric virus contamination along the shellfish production and distribution chain in Sicily. To this end, 162 batches of mollusks were collected between 2017 and 2019 from harvesting areas, depuration and dispatch centers (n = 63), restaurants (n = 6) and retail stores (n = 93) distributed all over the island. Samples were processed according to ISO 15216 standard method, and the presence of genogroup GI and GII norovirus (NoV), hepatitis A and E viruses (HAV, HEV), rotavirus and adenovirus was investigated by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time-RT PCR), nested (RT)-PCR and molecular genotyping. Our findings show that 5.56% of samples were contaminated with at least one NoV, HAV and/or HEV. Contaminated shellfish were sampled at production sites and retail stores and their origin was traced back to Spain and several municipalities in Italy. In conclusion, our study highlights the need to implement routine monitoring programs along the whole food chain as an effective measure to prevent foodborne transmission of enteric viruses.

Enteric viruses in drinking water supplies

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
A.P. Wyn-Jones ◽  
J. Watkins ◽  
C. Francis ◽  
M. Laverick ◽  
J. Sellwood
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Water Supplies

Two rural spring drinking water supplies were studied for their enteric virus levels. In one, serving about 30 dwellings, the water was chlorinated before distribution; in the other, which served a dairy and six dwellings the water was not treated. Samples of treated (40 l) and untreated (20 l) water were taken under normal and heavy rainfall conditions over a six weeks period and concentrated by adsorption/elution and organic flocculation. Infectious enterovirus in concentrates was detected in liquid culture and enumerated by plaque assay, both in BGM cells, and concentrates were also analysed by RT-PCR. Viruses were found in both raw water supplies. Rural supplies need to be analysed for viruses as well as bacterial and protozoan pathogens if the full microbial hazard is to be determined.

Bacteriophages and bacteria as indicators of enteric viruses in oysters and their harvest waters

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Chung ◽  
L.-A. Jaykus ◽  
G. Lovelace ◽  
M. D. Sobsey
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Virus Contamination ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Receiving Water

Reliable indicators are needed to detect enteric virus contamination of bivalve molluscan shellfish and their harvest waters. Concentrations of male-specific (F+) coliphages, Bacteroides fragilis phages, Salmonella phages and several indicator bacteria in wastewater, estuarine receiving water and its oysters were examined for their ability to predict the presence and levels of faecal contamination and enteric viruses in oysters. Enteric viruses in oysters were detected by cell culture and RT-PCR methods. F+ coliphages, Salmonella phages, B fragilis phages and faecal indicator bacteria (faecal coliforms, E coli, enterococci and Clostridium perfringens) were generally positively associated and were highest in raw sewage and progressively lower in sewage effluent and in receiving waters at increasing distance from the wastewater discharge. Indicator levels in oysters were highest for F+ coliphages and C perfringens. One F+ RNA coliphage serotype (Group II) predominated in the wastewater, receiving water and oysters. Human enteric viruses were detected in 17/31 oyster samples. The levels of most indicators in oysters and water were higher when oysters were enteric virus-positive and lower when oysters were enteric virus-negative. F+ coliphages and C perfringens were the only indicators significantly associated with the presence of enteric viruses in oysters. F+ coliphages and their serotypes are promising indicators of human enteric virus contamination in oysters and their harvest waters.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Two Methods of Enteric Virus Detection and Enteric Virus Relationship with Bacterial Indicator in Poyang Lake, Jiangxi, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (18) ◽  
pp. 3384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen ◽  
Zheng ◽  
Yuan ◽  
Zhu ◽  
Kuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Poyang Lake ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Jiangxi Province ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Fecal Matter ◽  
Significant Difference

Currently, water contaminated with fecal matter poses a threat to public health and safety. Thus, enteric viruses are tested for as a part of water quality indicator assays; however, enteric viruses have not yet been listed in the criteria. Effective and sensitive methods for detecting enteric viruses are required in order to increase water safety. This study utilized enteric viruses as possible alternative indicators of water quality to examine fresh water in six sites in Poyang Lake, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province. The presence of norovirus geno-groups II (NoV GII), enteroviruses (EoV) and adenoviruses (AdV) were determined using Tianjin’s protocol and Hawaii’s protocol during a six month period from 2016–2017. The former used an electropositive material method for viral concentration and Taqman-q reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect enteric viruses; while the latter used a filtration-based method for viral concentration and RT-PCR for enteric virus detection. There is a statistically significant difference between Tianjin’s method and Hawaii’s method for the detection of enteric viruses, such as NoV GII, EoV, and AdV (n = 36, p < 0.001). The enteric viruses showed no significant positive correlation with bacteria indicators (n = 36, p > 0.05). These data stress the need for additional indicators when establishing water quality systems, and the possibility of using enteric viruses as water quality indicators. It has become essential to improve shortcomings in order to search for an adequate method to detect enteric viruses in water and to implement such method in water quality monitoring.

scholarly journals Novel Human Astroviruses: Prevalence and Association with Common Enteric Viruses in Undiagnosed Gastroenteritis Cases in Spain

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diem-Lan Vu ◽  
Aurora Sabrià ◽  
Nuria Aregall ◽  
Kristina Michl ◽  
Virginia Rodriguez Garrido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Routine Diagnostics ◽  
Human Astroviruses ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Pcr Assays

A remarkable percentage of acute gastroenteritis cases remain etiologically undiagnosed. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of common and emerging enteric viruses, such as novel human astroviruses, among undiagnosed samples from children with acute gastroenteritis. Epidemiological studies for novel human astroviruses are still scarce. Stool samples collected over two consecutive winter seasons (2016–2017) from children with gastroenteritis in Spain, which were negative for bacteria, rotavirus, and adenovirus by routine diagnostics were screened by real-time RT-PCR assays for the presence of classical and novel astrovirus, rotavirus, norovirus GI and GII, sapovirus, and adenovirus. Overall, 220/384 stool samples (57.3%) were positive for at least one virus. Co-infections were identified in 21% of cases. Among a total of 315 viruses identified, adenovirus was the most prevalent (n = 103), followed by rotavirus (n = 51), sapovirus (n = 50), classical astrovirus (n = 43), novel astroviruses (n = 42), and norovirus (n = 26). Novel astroviruses were present in 13.3% of virus-positive cases. Most novel astroviruses were found in children <2-year-old (30/39 children, 77%, p = 0.01) and were found in co-infection (66%). Only classical astroviruses demonstrated significant differences in the Cq values during mono-infections compared to co-infections. In conclusion, common enteric viruses may be frequently found in children with undiagnosed gastroenteritis, indicating the need to implement more sensitive diagnostic methods. Novel astroviruses circulate in the community and could be the cause of gastroenteritis among young children.

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