scholarly journals Fruit Colour and Novel Mechanisms of Genetic Regulation of Pigment Production in Tomato Fruits

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 259
Author(s):  
Silvia Gonzali ◽  
Pierdomenico Perata
Keyword(s):  
Rna Splicing ◽  
Gene Expression Regulation ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Fruit Colour ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Genetic Trait ◽  
Introgression Breeding ◽  
Seed Dispersion ◽  
Fine Tune

Fruit colour represents a genetic trait with ecological and nutritional value. Plants mainly use colour to attract animals and favour seed dispersion. Thus, in many species, fruit colour coevolved with frugivories and their preferences. Environmental factors, however, represented other adaptive forces and further diversification was driven by domestication. All these factors cooperated in the evolution of tomato fruit, one of the most important in human nutrition. Tomato phylogenetic history showed two main steps in colour evolution: the change from green-chlorophyll to red-carotenoid pericarp, and the loss of the anthocyanic pigmentation. These events likely occurred with the onset of domestication. Then spontaneous mutations repeatedly occurred in carotenoid and phenylpropanoid pathways, leading to colour variants which often were propagated. Introgression breeding further enriched the panel of pigmentation patterns. In recent decades, the genetic determinants underneath tomato colours were identified. Novel evidence indicates that key regulatory and biosynthetic genes undergo mechanisms of gene expression regulation that are much more complex than what was imagined before: post-transcriptional mechanisms, with RNA splicing among the most common, indeed play crucial roles to fine-tune the expression of this trait in fruits and offer new substrate for the rise of genetic variables, thus providing further evolutionary flexibility to the character.

scholarly journals Potato Virus X-induced LeHB-1 Silencing Delays Tomato Fruit Ripening

2018 ◽  
Vol 143 (6) ◽  
pp. 454-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohong Wang ◽  
Bishun Ye ◽  
Xiangpeng Kang ◽  
Ting Zhou ◽  
Tongfei Lai
Keyword(s):  
Potato Virus ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Potato Virus X ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Genetic Trait ◽  
Tomato Fruit Ripening ◽  
Homeobox Protein ◽  
Complex Genetic Trait

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening is a complex genetic trait correlating with notable fruit phenotypic, physiologic, and biochemical changes. Transcription factors (TFs) play crucial roles during this process. LeHB-1, an HD-zip homeobox protein, is a ripening-related TF and acts as an important regulator of fruit ripening. However, the detailed biochemical and molecular basis of LeHB-1 on tomato fruit ripening is unclear. In the current study, the biologic functions of LeHB-1 were determined by a potato virus X (PVX)-mediated gene-silencing approach. The results indicate that PVX-induced LeHB-1 silencing in tomato could decrease pigment accumulation and delay fruit ripening. Compared with controls, nonripening flesh retains a greater pH value and a lesser anthocyanin content. By evaluating expression levels of genes related to tomato fruit ripening, we inferred that LeHB-1 located at the downstream of LeMADS-RIN-mediated regulatory network. In addition, LeHB-1 silencing mainly disturbed phytoene desaturation and isomerization, and led to a decrease in trans-lycopene accumulation, but did not influence flavonoid biosynthesis directly in tomato fruit. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for illustrating the biologic functions of LeHB-1 in tomato fruit ripening and quality.

scholarly journals The evolution of some nutritional parameters of the tomato fruit during the harvesting stages 

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 132-137
Author(s):  
Soare Rodica ◽  
Dinu Maria ◽  
Apahidean Alexandru-Ioan ◽  
Soare Marin
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Maturity Index ◽  
Fruit Colour ◽  
Soluble Substance ◽  
Chlorophyll A And B

The main purpose of this study was to highlight the nutraceutical value of the tomato fruit for five hybrids recently introduced in culture, during the harvesting phases: mature green, half ripen and full ripen: ‘Antalya’, ‘Cemil’, ‘Lorely’, ‘Tiger’ and ‘Sacher’. They differentiate because of their size and fruit colour. The parameters to be followed for each harvest phase were: the chlorophyll a and b content, the total carotenes, the soluble substance, vitamin C, the titratable acidity, and also a maturity index was established. The results obtained showed significant differences between the hybrids, but also during the maturation phases. It singularised Tiger F1 with a total carotene contentof 7.1 (green) to 12.5 (half ripen) and 18.6 mg/100g f.w. (in full ripen) and Sacher F1 with vitamin C from 6.2 (green) to 17.2 (half ripen) and 20.7 mg/100g f.w. (in full ripen). This variability can be attributed to these harvesting phases, but also to the genetic factors, such as cultivar type, fruit size and colour.

Carotenoid differences in isogenic lines of tomato fruit colour mutants

1984 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1707-1710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Frecknall ◽  
Gerald Pattenden
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Colour ◽  
Isogenic Lines

Stress responses of tomato fruit tissue submitted to massive doses of ionising radiation

1994 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 97-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Triantaphylidès ◽  
N. Banzet ◽  
J. M. Ferullo ◽  
C. Larrigaudière ◽  
L. Nespoulous
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ionising Radiation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Induction Kinetics ◽  
Global Protein Synthesis

AbstractIn plant tissue, massive doses of ionising radiation (0.5–3 kGy) induce an oxidative burst due to the overproduction of oxygen-centred free radicals. Changes in the protein metabolism of cherry tomato fruits were investigated in response to this peculiar stress. Although DNA damage definitively arrested cell division, the changes observed on a short-term basis were attributed to genetic regulation. Changes in protein metabolism were also maintained long term. Gamma-induced proteins (GIPs) were classified according to their induction kinetics. Group 1 proteins were induced immediately after the treatment and their synthesis was stopped within 24 h. During the same time period, global protein synthesis was restored and a new set of GIPs was induced. The function of these proteins is not yet known; but they may be involved in physiological disorders triggered by irradiation or in repair processes. Short-term typical changes involve the synthesis of ACC synthase – the ethylene pathway regulating enzyme - and most probably of some LMW-HSPs. A non-relevant response to irradiation has also been discovered, namely the long-term accumulation of chitinases. Irradiation induces both specific and non-specific responses which can be analysed by comparison with other types of oxidative stress and some GIPs seem to be specific to the treatment. The ability of irradiation to induce such different responses might be profitably applied for a better understanding of the oxidative mechanisms involved in signal transduction during environmental stress situations.

scholarly journals A Role of AREB in the Regulation of PACC-Dependent Acid-Expressed-Genes and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Ment ◽  
Noam Alkan ◽  
Neta Luria ◽  
Fang-Cheng Bi ◽  
Eli Reuveni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Gene Expression Regulation ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Fungal Pathogenicity ◽  
Sequencing Data Analysis

Gene expression regulation by pH in filamentous fungi and yeasts is controlled by the PACC/RIM101 transcription factor. In Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, PACC is known to act as positive regulator of alkaline-expressed genes, and this regulation was shown to contribute to fungal pathogenicity. PACC is also a negative regulator of acid-expressed genes, however; the mechanism of downregulation of acid-expressed genes by PACC and their contribution to C. gloeosporioides pathogenicity is not well understood. RNA sequencing data analysis was employed to demonstrate that PACC transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) are significantly overrepresented in the promoter of PACC-upregulated, alkaline-expressed genes. In contrast, they are not overrepresented in the PACC-downregulated, acid-expressed genes. Instead, acid-expressed genes showed overrepresentation of AREB GATA TFBS in C. gloeosporioides and in homologs of five other ascomycetes genomes. The areB promoter contains PACC TFBS; its transcript was upregulated at pH 7 and repressed in ΔpacC. Furthermore, acid-expressed genes were found to be constitutively upregulated in ΔareB during alkalizing conditions. The areB mutants showed significantly reduced ammonia secretion and pathogenicity on tomato fruit. Present results indicate that PACC activates areB expression, thereby conditionally repressing acid-expressed genes and contributing critically to C. gloeosporioides pathogenicity.

scholarly journals The histone variant Sl_H2A.Z regulates carotenoid biosynthesis and gene expression during tomato fruit ripening

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuedong Yang ◽  
Xuelian Zhang ◽  
Youxin Yang ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Weimin Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Double Mutant ◽  
Gene Expression Regulation ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Histone Variants ◽  
Expression Regulation ◽  
Histone Variant ◽  
Tomato Fruits ◽  
Tomato Fruit Ripening

AbstractThe conserved histone variant H2A.Z is essential for transcriptional regulation; defense responses; and various biological processes in plants, such as growth, development, and flowering. However, little is known about how H2A.Z affects the developmental process and ripening of tomato fruits. Here, we utilized the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system to generate a sl_hta9 sl_hta11 double-mutant, designated sl_h2a.z, and found that these two mutations led to a significant reduction in the fresh weight of tomato fruits. Subsequent messenger RNA (mRNA)-seq results showed that dysfunction of Sl_H2A.Z has profound effects on the reprogramming of genome-wide gene expression at different developmental stages of tomato fruits, indicating a ripening-dependent correlation between Sl_H2A.Z and gene expression regulation in tomato fruits. In addition, the expression of three genes, SlPSY1, SlPDS, and SlVDE, encoding the key enzymes in the biosynthesis pathway of carotenoids, was significantly upregulated in the later ripening stages, which was consistent with the increased contents of carotenoids in sl_h2a.z double-mutant fruits. Overall, our study reveals a role of Sl_H2A.Z in the regulation of carotenoids and provides a resource for the study of Sl_H2A.Z-dependent gene expression regulation. Hence, our results provide a link between epigenetic regulation via histone variants and fruit development, suggesting a conceptual framework to understand how histone variants regulate tomato fruit quality.

scholarly journals Leveraging interindividual variability of regulatory activity refines genetic regulation of gene expression in schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maris Alver ◽  
Nikolaos Lykoskoufis ◽  
Anna Ramisch ◽  
Halit Ongen ◽  
Emmanouil Dermitzakis
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Expression Regulation ◽  
Interindividual Variability ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Search Space ◽  
Synaptic Function ◽  
Regulatory Activity ◽  
Regulatory Domains

Abstract Schizophrenia is a polygenic psychiatric disorder with limited understanding about the mechanistic changes in gene expression regulation. To elucidate on this, we integrate interindividual variability of regulatory activity with gene expression and genotype data captured from the prefrontal cortex of 272 cases and controls. We show that regulatory element activity is structured into 10,936 and 10,376 cis-regulatory domains in cases and controls, respectively, which display distinct regulatory element coordination structures in both states. By studying the interplay among genetic variants, gene expression and cis-regulatory domains, we ascertain that changes in coordinated regulatory activity tag alterations in gene expression levels (p=8.62e-06, OR=1.60), unveil case-specific QTL effects, and identify regulatory machinery changes for genes affecting synaptic function and dendritic spine morphology in schizophrenia. Altogether, we show that accounting for coordinated regulatory activity provides a novel mechanistic approach to reduce the search space for unveiling genetically perturbed regulation of gene expression in schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Genetic control of RNA splicing and its distinctive role in complex trait variation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Yang ◽  
Ting Qi ◽  
Yang Wu ◽  
Futao Zhang ◽  
Jian Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Complex Traits ◽  
Rna Splicing ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Trait Variation ◽  
Eqtl Data ◽  
Distinctive Role

Abstract Most genetic variants identified from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in humans are noncoding, indicating their role in gene regulation. Prior studies have shown considerable links of GWAS signals to expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), but the links to other genetic regulatory mechanisms such as splicing QTLs (sQTLs) are underexplored. Here, we introduce a transcript-based sQTL method (named THISTLE) with improved power for sQTL detection. Applying THISTLE along with LeafCutter, an event-based sQTL method, to brain transcriptomic data (n=1,073), we identified 7,491 genes with sQTLs with P<5×10^(-8) (the largest brain cis-sQTL collection to date), ~68% of which were distinct from eQTLs. Integrating the sQTL data into GWAS for ten brain-related complex traits (including diseases), we identified 107 genes associated with the traits through the sQTLs, ~68% of which could not be discovered using eQTL data. Our study demonstrates the distinctive role of most sQTLs in genetic regulation of transcription and complex trait variation.

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