scholarly journals Partial Smoking Ban and Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (15) ◽  
pp. 2804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sen Zeng ◽  
Haruko Noguchi ◽  
Satoru Shimokawa
Keyword(s):  
Secondhand Smoke ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Smoking Ban ◽  
Smoking Bans ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Smoking Intensity ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Shs Exposure ◽  
Using Data

Implementing smoking bans is a worldwide common practice for tobacco control. However, if the policy prohibits smoking partially rather than comprehensively, it may increase nonsmokers’ exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) in nonprohibited places. This paper investigates how a partial smoking ban affected nonsmokers’ SHS exposure (measured by frequency of having exposure to SHS in days per month) in households, workplaces, and restaurants by examining the case of a partial smoking ban introduced in a large Japanese prefecture in 2013. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHNS) in 2010, 2013, and 2016 (n = 30,244) and the Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions (CSLC) from 2001 to 2016 (n = 2,366,896), this paper employs a difference-in-differences (DID) approach. We found that the partial smoking ban significantly increased their SHS exposure in households and workplaces by 2.64 days and 4.70 days per month, respectively, while it did not change nonsmokers’ SHS exposure in restaurants. The results imply that the smoking ban displaced smokers from public places to private places. We also found that neither smokers’ smoking status nor smoking intensity changed significantly after implementing the partial smoking ban. Comprehensive smoking bans are needed to better protect nonsmokers from SHS exposure.

scholarly journals Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Public Places and Support for Smoke-Free Laws in Japan: Findings from the 2018 ITC Japan Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genevieve Sansone ◽  
Geoffrey T. Fong ◽  
Gang Meng ◽  
Lorraine V. Craig ◽  
Steve S. Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondhand Smoke ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Smoking Bans ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Public ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Shs Exposure ◽  
Very High

Comprehensive smoke-free policies such as those called for by the WHO FCTC are the only way to protect the public effectively from the harms of secondhand smoke (SHS), yet Japan has been slow to implement this important health measure. This study examines baseline levels of smoking and SHS exposure in public places and support for smoking bans in Japan prior to the implementation of the 2018 national smoke-free law. Data are from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Japan Wave 1 Survey (Feb–Mar 2018), a web survey of adult cigarette smokers, heated tobacco product users, dual users, and non-users (total N = 4684). Measures included prevalence of smoking (whether respondents noticed people smoking inside restaurants and bars at their last visit, and workplaces in the last month), and support for complete smoking bans in these venues. Smoking prevalence in each venue was high overall in 2018 (49% of workplaces, 55% of restaurants, and 83% of bars), even higher than in China, the country with the greatest toll of SHS. Support for complete smoking bans was very high overall (81% for workplaces, 78% for restaurants, and 65% for bars). Non-users were less likely to be exposed to SHS and had higher support for smoking bans than tobacco users. These findings point to the ineffectiveness of partial smoke-free laws in Japan and reinforce the call for comprehensive smoke-free laws, which even smokers would support at higher levels than in many other ITC countries.

scholarly journals Attitudes of Korean smokers towards smoke-free public places: findings from the longitudinal ITC Korea Survey, 2005–2010

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e025298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunja Park ◽  
Sung-il Cho ◽  
Hong Gwan Seo ◽  
Yeol Kim ◽  
Hyun-Suk Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Estimating Equation ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Smoking Ban ◽  
Smoking Bans ◽  
Public Places ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Korean Adult ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Private Homes

ObjectivePrior to December 2012, restaurants in South Korea were required to implement only partial smoking bans. This study documents the changes in Korean smokers’ attitudes towards smoking bans between 2005 and 2010 and explores the effects of anti-smoking advertising as a correlate of support for total smoking bans in public places.DesignLongitudinal cohort study of Korean adult smokers.SettingThe data were derived from three waves (2005, 2008 and 2010) of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Korea Survey.ParticipantsThe ITC Korea Survey respondents were a probability-based, nationally representative sample of Korean smokers aged 19 and older. The current analysis includes 995 smokers who participated in Wave 1 (2005), 1737 smokers who participated in Wave 2 (2008) and 1560 smokers who participated in Wave 3 (2010).Primary and secondary outcome measuresChanges in respondents’ awareness of secondhand smoke (SHS) harm, attitudes towards smoking bans and personal rules for smoking in private homes and/or vehicles were analysed. Correlates of support for smoking bans in public places were examined using generalised estimating equation regression models.ResultsMore than 80% of Korean smokers are aware of the harms of SHS. The proportion of smokers who support smoke-free restaurants or smoke-free bars increased twofold between 2005 and 2010. Smokers who were aware of the dangers of SHS were more likely to support a total smoking ban in workplaces. Noticing anti-smoking advertising or information was not significantly associated with support for a total smoking ban in public places.ConclusionsKorean smokers became more supportive of smoking bans in public places between 2005 and 2008. These results show that smokers’ attitudes towards smoking bans can change with the implementation of smoke-free policies, even in a country that has a high prevalence of smokers.

Secondhand Smoke Exposure 7 Years After an Indoor Smoke-Free Law

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann W. St. Claire ◽  
Michael S. Amato ◽  
Raymond G. Boyle ◽  
Peter Rode ◽  
Ann M. Kinney
Keyword(s):  
Secondhand Smoke ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Community Settings ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Public Health Benefit ◽  
The Past ◽  
Smoke Free Policy ◽  
Low Incomes ◽  
Random Digit Dial ◽  
Shs Exposure

Purpose: To examine locations of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among nonsmokers, 7 years after a statewide smoke-free policy. Design: Data collected via statewide, random digit dial telephone survey. Response rates were 64.7% for landline and 73.5% for cell phone. Setting: Minnesota, 2014. Participants: Representative sample of 7887 nonsmoking adults. Measures: Self-reported locations of SHS exposure and opinions on smoke-free restrictions. Analysis: Descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results: A total of 35.5% of nonsmokers reported SHS exposure in the past 7 days. The greatest proportion of exposure occurred in community settings (31.7%) followed by cars (6.9%) and in the home (3.2%). Young adults were more likely to be exposed in a home or car than older adults. Nonsmokers living with a smoker were 39.6 (20.6-75.8) times more likely to be exposed to SHS in their home and 5.3 (4.1-6.8) times more likely to be exposed in a car, compared to those who did not live with a smoker. Conclusion: SHS exposure continues after comprehensive smoke-free policies restricted it from public places. Disparities in exposure rates exist for those who live with a smoker, are young, and have low incomes. Findings suggest the need for additional policies that will have the greatest public health benefit.

scholarly journals Estimation of lifetime cumulative mortality risk of lung cancer by smoking status in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 1218-1224
Author(s):  
Megumi Hori ◽  
Eiko Saito ◽  
Kota Katanoda ◽  
Shoichiro Tsugane
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Life Table ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Secondhand Smoke ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Cumulative Risk ◽  
Cumulative Mortality ◽  
Shs Exposure ◽  
Estimated Risk ◽  
Exposure To Secondhand Smoke

Abstract The main objective of this study was to estimate the cumulative mortality risk for lung cancer according to smoking status and exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) in Japan. We applied a life-table method to estimate the cumulative risk. Estimated lifetime cumulative risk for 20-year-old non-smokers, former, and current smokers was 3.2%, 7.6%, and 14.9% for men and 1.9%, 5.6%, and 7.2% for women, respectively. For males, the estimated risk was 3.2% for non-smokers not exposed to SHS and 4.1% for non-smokers exposed to SHS. For females, the estimated risk was 1.9% for non-smokers not exposed to SHS and 2.4% for non-smokers exposed to SHS. Lifetime cumulative mortality risk differed greatly according to smoking status. Moreover, SHS exposure resulted in observable differences in lifetime mortality risk. This study may be useful for the development of tailored prevention programs.

Active smoking, secondhand smoke exposure and serum cotinine levels among Cheyenne River Sioux communities in context of a Tribal Public Health Policy

2019 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055056
Author(s):  
Elena R. O'Donald ◽  
Curtis P. Miller ◽  
Rae O'Leary ◽  
Jennifer Ong ◽  
Bernadette Pacheco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
American Indians ◽  
Secondhand Smoke ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Serum Cotinine ◽  
Free Air ◽  
Shs Exposure ◽  
Cheyenne River

IntroductionAmerican Indians and Alaska Natives face disproportionately high rates of smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. The Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe (CRST) is among the few Tribal Nations controlling commercial tobacco exposures in public and work places. We had an opportunity to explore effects of the new commercial tobacco-free policy (implemented in 2015) in an environmental health study (2014–2016) that collected information about commercial tobacco use and SHS prevalence and examined predictor variables of serum cotinine concentrations.MethodsSelf-reported survey data were used in quantile regression statistical modelling to explore changes in cotinine levels, based on smoking status, smokeless tobacco consumption and SHS exposure.ResultsFrom enrolled 225 adults, 51% (N=114) were current smokers. Among 88 non-tobacco users, 35 (40%) reported current SHS exposure. Significant differences in cotinine median concentrations were found among participants with and without current SHS exposure. Extremely high cotinine concentrations (~100 times larger than the median) were detected in some non-tobacco users. After implementing the new smoke-free air Tribal policy, cotinine decreased in participants with intermediate (3–15 ng/mL, non-tobacco users with SHS exposure) and high (>15 ng/mL, mainly tobacco users) cotinine levels showing association with an abatement of opportunities for SHS exposure. Significant predictors of cotinine levels were sampling year, current smoking and tobacco chewing. No gender differences were observed in cotinine.ConclusionsOur results show decrease in cotinine concentrations in CRST participants since implementation of their ‘Smoke-Free Clean Air Act’ in 2015.

The Role of Ethnicity and Nativity in the Correspondence between Subjective and Objective Measures of In-Home Smoking

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Berardi ◽  
Georgiana Bostean ◽  
Lydia Ong
Keyword(s):  
Secondhand Smoke ◽  
Smoking Ban ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Secondhand Smoke Exposure ◽  
Smoking Bans ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
Objectively Measured ◽  
Linear Regressions

Background: Studies are needed to understand the association between self-reported home smoking bans and objective measures of in-home smoking according to smokers’ ethnicity/nativity.Methods: Data came from a trial that used air particle monitors to reduce children’s secondhand smoke exposure in smokers’ households (N = 251). Linear regressions modeled (a) full home smoking bans by ethnicity/nativity, and (b) objectively measured in-home smoking events, predicted by main and interaction effects of self-reported home smoking bans and ethnicity/nativity.Results: Among smokers reporting < a full ban, U.S.-born and foreign-born Latinos had fewer in-home smoking events than US-born Whites (p<0.001). Participants who reported a full smoking ban had a similar frequency of smoking events regardless of ethnicity/nativity.Discussion: Self-reported home smoking bans can be used as a proxy for in-home smoking. Establishing smoking bans in the households of US-born White smokers has the largest impact on potential exposure compared to other ethnic/nativity groups.

scholarly journals Daily and meal-based assessment of dairy and corresponding protein intake in Switzerland: results from the National Nutrition Survey menuCH

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilara Inanir ◽  
Ivo Kaelin ◽  
Giulia Pestoni ◽  
David Faeh ◽  
Nadina Mueller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Dairy Intake ◽  
Total Protein Intake ◽  
Dairy Consumption ◽  
National Nutrition Survey ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Dairy Protein

Abstract Purpose Dairy contributes to daily protein and provides important minerals and vitamins. Using data of the National Nutrition Survey in Switzerland (menuCH), we aimed to describe intakes of dairy and its subcategories, to compare daily and per-meal dairy protein with total protein intake, and to investigate associations between energy-standardized dairy intake and sociodemographic, lifestyle and anthropometric factors. Methods From two 24-h dietary recalls, anthropometric measurements, and a lifestyle questionnaire from a representative sample (n = 2057, 18–75 years), we calculated daily and energy-standardized means and standard error of the means for dairy, its subcategories (milk, yoghurt and cheese), and compared daily and per-meal dairy protein with total protein intake. Associations were investigated between dairy intake (g/1000 kcal) and sociodemographic, lifestyle and anthropometric factors by multivariable linear regression. Results Dairy intake provided 16.3 g/day protein with cheese contributing highest amounts (9.9 g/day). Dairy protein intake was highest at dinner (6.3 g/day) followed by breakfast, lunch and snacks (4.3, 3.3 and 2.4 g/day, respectively). Per meal, total protein reached the amounts suggested for improving protein synthesis only at dinner and lunch (33.1 and 28.3 g/day, respectively). Energy-standardized dairy intake was 20.7 g/1000 kcal higher for women than men (95% CI 13.2; 28.1), 24.3 g/1000 kcal lower in the French than German-speaking region (95% CI − 32.4; − 16.1), and also significantly associated with nationality, household type and smoking status. Conclusion This first description of dairy consumption is an important basis for developing meal-specific recommendations, aimed to optimize dairy and protein intake especially for older adults.

scholarly journals Exposure to fine and ultrafine particles from secondhand smoke in public places before and after the smoking ban, Italy 2005

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 312-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Valente ◽  
F. Forastiere ◽  
A. Bacosi ◽  
G. Cattani ◽  
S. Di Carlo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondhand Smoke ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Smoking Ban ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Before And After

Biomarker evaluation of Greek adolescents’ exposure to secondhand smoke

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 459-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
CI Vardavas ◽  
MN Tzatzarakis ◽  
M. Plada ◽  
AM Tsatsakis ◽  
A. Papadaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondhand Smoke ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Serum Cotinine ◽  
Public Places ◽  
School Based ◽  
Shs Exposure ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Biomarker Evaluation ◽  
Exposure To Secondhand Smoke

Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is a significant threat to public health, and represents a danger for both the development and health status of children and adolescents. Taking the above into account, our aim was to quantify Greek adolescents’ exposure to SHS using serum cotinine levels. During 2006, 341 adolescents aged 13-17 were randomly selected from high schools in Heraklion and agreed to participate as part of the European Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study. Blood samples were drawn from a random sample of 106 adolescents, while serum cotinine/nicotine concentrations were measured by Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The mean levels of serum cotinine and nicotine were calculated at 1.60 ± 2.18 ng/mL and 4.48 ± 4.00 ng/mL, respectively, while 97.7% of the non-smoker adolescents were found to have measureable levels of serum cotinine indicating exposure to SHS. The analysis revealed that their paternal (p = .001) and maternal smoking habits (p = .018) as also the existence of a younger brother or sister (p = .008) were the main modifiers of SHS exposure during adolescence. Conclusively, almost all of the measured Greek adolescents were exposed to SHS, even when their parents were non-smokers. This finding indicates the need for both community and school-based educational programmes as also the implementation of a comprehensive ban on smoking in public places.

Impact of Public Smoking Bans on Social Inequalities in Children’s Exposure to Tobacco Smoke at Home: An Equity-Focused Systematic Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1462-1472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Nanninga ◽  
Gesa Lehne ◽  
Tiara Ratz ◽  
Gabriele Bolte
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Smoking Ban ◽  
Smoking Bans ◽  
The Social ◽  
Shs Exposure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
At Home

Abstract Introduction A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the impact of public smoking bans on social inequalities in children’s secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure at home. Methods Five databases were electronically searched for articles on children’s SHS exposure at home related to public smoking bans. In addition, the gray literature and German public health journals were considered. Search was restricted to English and German publications. Of 3037 records screened, 25 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria by either measuring SHS exposure before and after public smoking ban introduction or by comparing exposure between regions with and without smoke-free legislation. Studies were further examined whether they additionally reported on impacts on social inequalities in SHS exposure. Information on children’s SHS exposure at home in relation to smoke-free legislation were extracted by one reviewer and checked for accuracy by a second reviewer. According to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses-Equity (PRISMA-E) guidelines for equity-focused systematic reviews, the PROGRESS-Plus framework was applied to data extraction and analysis with focus on social inequalities in SHS exposure. Results were visualized by a harvest plot. Results Eight studies gave results on the impact of public smoking bans on social inequalities in children’s SHS exposure. Whereas only one study indicated widening of the social gap in exposure, seven studies showed no impact or a reduction of social inequalities in exposure. Conclusions First evidence on short-term impact of public smoking bans does not support the assumption of intervention-generated inequalities in children’s SHS exposure at home. Future studies should focus on long-term equity impacts of smoke-free legislation. Implications There are substantial social inequalities in children’s SHS exposure in many countries. Both hypotheses on the effect of smoke-free legislation on children’s SHS exposure at home, the displacement hypothesis and the social diffusion hypothesis, did not take social inequalities into account. Up to now, only few studies analyzed the effects of smoke-free legislation on social inequalities in children’s SHS exposure at home. Public smoking bans had overall no negative impact on social inequalities in children’s SHS exposure at home. More consistent reporting of absolute and relative inequalities is needed to comprehensively assess equity impact of smoke-free legislation.

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