scholarly journals An Optimal Pollution Control Model for Environmental Protection Cooperation between Developing and Developed Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 3868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liyuan Liu ◽  
Jing Zhu ◽  
Yibin Zhang ◽  
Xiding Chen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Control Model ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Common But Differentiated Responsibilities ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

With the continuous increase in greenhouse gas emissions in the world and the United States announcing withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, the conflicts between environmental protection and economic growth of developing and developed countries have become increasingly challenging. In this paper, following the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” specified in the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, we develop an optimal pollution control model based on a dynamic system for both developing and developed countries. We analyze how different perspectives of the developing and developed countries affect their investments in pollution control and how to determine their responsibilities based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. Our aim is to obtain a stable equilibrium mechanism to maximize the social welfare between the developing and developed countries and explore the optimal pollution control and economic growth path. Our results show that it is optimal for the developed countries to help developing countries with pollution control in their initial stage of economic growth. Once the developing countries reach a certain economic development level, they can contribute more to pollution control, while the developed countries can reduce their environmental investment. We show that by following this optimal path, the developing and developed countries can effectively control environment pollution without significant loss of social welfare.

scholarly journals Les effets sur l’emploi des échanges de produits manufacturés entre pays développés et pays en développement

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-304
Author(s):  
Bela Balassa
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Employment Creation ◽  
Pays En Développement ◽  
Manufactured Goods ◽  
Small Decline ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Pays En Developpement

This paper examines prospective changes in employment associated with the expected expansion of trade in manufactured goods between the developed and developing countries over the next decade. It appears that, on balance, the developed countries would experience net employment creation as a result of this trade, and there would be only relatively small decline of employment in their import-substituting industries. In turn, the developing countries would gain employment through increased export that would further contribute to their economic growth, with favorable indirect effects on employment.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Labor Productivity and Economic Growth in OECD Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suna Korkmaz ◽  
Oya Korkmaz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Partial Factor Productivity ◽  
The Relationship

In the course of globalization, the countries entered into an intense competition between each other. In order to achieve the competitive advantage, countries pay significant importance to the technological advancements. By improving the productivity, the technological innovations and developments allow the countries to make production at lower costs. The increase in factor productivities would enable higher levels of output in the economy. Since the factor productivity influences many other factors and the developed countries meet these criteria better than developing countries do, the factor productivities are higher in developed countries, when compared to those in developing countries. For this reason, in this study, the relationship between labor productivity, which is a partial factor productivity, and economic growth in seven OECD countries for the period between 2008 and 2014 by utilizing the panel data analysis method. According to the test results, we find a unidirectional causality relationship from economic growth to labor productivity.

Community forestry in developed and developing countries: A comparative study

1994 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 731-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azim U. Mallik ◽  
Hafizur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Ecosystem Management ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Community Forestry ◽  
Ecological Integrity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Community Stability ◽  
Management Alternative ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

Concerns about the ecological and economic sustainability of industrial forestry led to the revival of community forestry (CF) in the developing countries. Recently, the developed countries are also examining the feasibility of CF as a land management alternative for the similar reasons. This paper compares the opportunities and challenges of CF in the developing and developed countries. Particular emphasis is placed on the goals and objectives, participants and beneficiaries, land tenure, size and management, ecology and economics of CF. In the developing countries CF is generally small, labour intensive and geared to meeting the basic needs of the community people. By contrast, CF in the developed countries is large, capital intensive and market oriented. Notwithstanding the differences, CF provides an opportunity for ecosystem management to maintain community stability and ecological integrity in both developing and developed countries. Key words: community forestry, sustainability, ecosystem management, community stability

scholarly journals Population Growth and Economic Development in Developing and Developed Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.34) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Mohd Khairul Amri Kamarudin ◽  
Noorjima Abd Wahab ◽  
Mahadzirah Mohamad ◽  
Ahmad Shakir Mohd Saudi ◽  
Mohamad Shaharudin Samsurijan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Free Market Economy ◽  
The World ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

This research examines the effects of population growth on the economic development between the two developed and developing countries which is Singapore and Malaysia. They were many previous studies that have sought to gauge the effects or impact of population growth along the economic development. It was said that there was a strong relationship between the effects of population growth and the economic development, which is the growth of population is depending on the economic growth. Singapore was well known worldwide as a highly developed free-market economy. The economy of Singapore has been ranked as the most open in the world and the most-pro business. The population in the country is estimated at 5.5 million recently. As for Malaysia, it is known as the most competitive developing countries and is ranked on the 5th largest in South Asia. The population estimated at 31.63 million in Malaysia.  

Polity Stability, Economic Growth, and Investment: A Dynamic Panel Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Halit Yanıkkaya ◽  
Taner Turan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Panel Estimation ◽  
Dynamic Panel ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Dynamic Panel Analysis ◽  
Initial Results ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

Abstract In this paper, we empirically examine the effect of polity stability on economic growth and investment by using the dynamic panel estimation techniques for more than 100 countries over the period 1960–2009. Our initial results imply that democracy reduces growth in both developed and developing countries. However, there is no evidence for the existence of a significant effect of the democracy level on the overall, public and private investment. Our results also suggest that the growth and investment effects of polity stability proxied by regime durability and polity fragility measures greatly differ in developing and developed countries. Our empirical results indicate that polity stability promotes growth only in developing countries. It seems that regime durability and polity fragility affect economic growth mainly through investment. We also make a distinction between public and private investment when examining the effects of polity stability. It seems that the durability and fragility matter for private investment. Therefore, developing countries ought to put solid efforts to lessen polity instability to promote economic growth.

scholarly journals Debt Laffer Curve for South Asian Countries

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (4II) ◽  
pp. 705-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aslam Chaudhary ◽  
Sabahat Awar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Foreign Debt ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
The Developed Countries

The inflow of foreign capital is generally seen as an accelerating force to economic growth, due to provision of additional resources, and these funds are considered complementary to local savings. It could also help to transfer technology and, therefore, increase productivity. Besides it enhances purchasing power of the recipients [Mullick (1988)] and as a result stimulates growth. The purpose of foreign debt is to increase real transfer of resources from the developed countries to the developing countries, so that these countries could pick up momentum of economic growth and as a result improve their welfare.1 The rapid increase in the external debt obligations of the developing countries, during the 1970s, had given rise to concerns about the dangers of increasing trend in interest and amortisation payments and, therefore, this situation posed a threat to debtor countries. The foreign debt of the developing countries has become a threat to their economic growth. The debt servicing of some of the LDC’s exceeded to their growth rates.2 Initially, most analysts believed that debt servicing problem would be temporary. It was hoped that creditworthiness and more normal growth of most of the countries would be restored with the influx of foreign resources. However, the debt crises have demonstrated that this assessment was optimistic and seemed never to be realised.3

scholarly journals The Effect of Education and Macroeconomic Variables on Corruption Index in G20 Member Countries

Economies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Nugroho S. B. Maria ◽  
Indah Susilowati ◽  
Salman Fathoni ◽  
Izza Mafruhah
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Secondary Education ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Openness ◽  
Macroeconomic Variables ◽  
Corruption Index ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Effectiveness Index ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of several macroeconomic variables consisting of gross domestic products (GDP) per capita, economic openness, government effectiveness index, inflation, and the level of education on the corruption index in G20 member countries. This study focused on the effect of education on the level of corruption in the G20 member countries by treating other macroeconomic variables as control variables that were not analyzed in depth. This research used mixed methods with multiple regression with two stage least square (2SLS) estimation method followed by phenomenological analysis. This study found that primary education enrolment and the lifelong learning index did not significantly influence the level of corruption for all G20 member countries, developed member countries, and developing member countries. Secondary education enrolment showed a negative and significant influence on the level of corruption in all categories of countries (all members, developing, and developed countries). Tertiary education enrolment had a negative and significant influence on the level of corruption in all members and developing countries, but had a positive influence in the developed countries. GDP per capita had a contrasting influence: negative and significant influence in the developed countries, but positive and significant influence in the developing countries. Similar to secondary education, the government effectiveness index had a negative and significant influence in all categories of countries (all members, developing, and developed countries). In contrast, inflation and economic openness had a positive and significant influence on the level of corruption, but only in developing countries. The policy implication of this study is the prioritization of secondary education to tackle corruption problems.

International Economic Assistance in the 1970's — A Critique of Partners in Development (Review Article)

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-490
Author(s):  
Nurul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
International Aid ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Service Charge ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Defence Expenditure

Foreign economic aid is at the cross-roads. There is an atmosphere of gloom and disenchantment surrounding international aid in both the developed and developing countries — more so in the former than in the latter. Doubts have grown in the developed countries, especially among the conservatives in these countries, as to the effectiveness of aid in promoting economic development, the wastes and inefficiency involved in the use of aid, the adequacy of self-help on the part of the recipient countries in husbanding and mobilising their own resources for development and the dangers of getting involved, through ex¬tensive foreign-aid operations, in military or diplomatic conflicts. The waning of confidence on the part of the donors in the rationale of foreign aid has been accentuated by an increasing concern with their domestic problems as well as by the occurrence of armed conflicts among the poor, aid-recipient countries strengthened by substantial defence expenditure that diverts resources away from development. The disenchantment on the part of the recipient countries is, on the other hand, associated with the inadequacy of aid, the stop-go nature of its flow in many cases, and the intrusion of noneconomic considerations governing the allocation of aid amongst the recipient countries. There is a reaction in the developing countries against the dependence, political and eco¬nomic, which heavy reliance on foreign aid generates. The threat of the in¬creasing burden of debt-service charge haunts the developing world and brings them back to the donors for renewed assistance and/or debt rescheduling.

PENGARUH INFRASTRUKTUR SECARA SPASIAL TERHADAP KONVERGENSI PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DI INDONESIA

INFO ARTHA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Anisa Fahmi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Regional Economics ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Road Infrastructure ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Neoclassical Growth Theory

Motivated by inter-regional disparities condition that occurs persistently, this study examines the Indonesian economy in the long run in order to know whether it tends to converge or diverge. This convergence is based on the Solow Neoclassical growth theory assuming the existence of diminishing returns to capital so that when the developed countries reach steady state conditions, developing countries will continuously grow up to 'catch-up' with developed countries. Based on regional economics perspective, each region can not be treated as a stand-alone unit,therefore, this study also focuses on the influence of spatial dependency and infrastructure. Economical and political situations of a region will influence policy in that region which will also have an impact to the neighboring regions. The estimation results of spatial cross-regressive model using fixed effect method consistently confirmed that the Indonesian economy in the long term will likely converge with a speed of 8.08 percent per year. Other findings are road infrastructure has a positive effect on economic growth and investment and road infrastructure are spatially showed a positive effect on economic growth. In other words, the investment and infrastructure of a region does not only affect the economic growth of that region but also to the economy of the contiguous regions. 

A Decade of the World Trade Organization and the Trade Performance of Muslim Countries

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-44
Author(s):  
Ruzita Mohd. Amin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Merchandise Trade ◽  
Wto Agreements

The World Trade Organization (WTO), established on 1 January 1995 as a successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), has played an important role in promoting global free trade. The implementation of its agreements, however, has not been smooth and easy. In fact this has been particularly difficult for developing countries, since they are expected to be on a level playing field with the developed countries. After more than a decade of existence, it is worth looking at the WTO’s impact on developing countries, particularly Muslim countries. This paper focuses mainly on the performance of merchandise trade of Muslim countries after they joined the WTO. I first analyze their participation in world merchandise trade and highlight their trade characteristics in general. This is then followed by a short discussion on the implications of WTO agreements on Muslim countries and some recommendations on how to face this challenge.

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