scholarly journals Eat to Live, Don’t Live to Eat: Black Men, Masculinity, Faith and Food

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4264
Author(s):  
Letisha Engracia Cardoso Brown
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
White Men ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Black Masculinity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Men often have poorer health outcomes than women. In the United States, Black men in particular tend to have worse health than not only Black women but other racial/ethnic groups of men. One factor that contributes to health is the role of masculinity. Previous research notes that men who cling to hegemonic notions of masculine identity tend to engage in negative health behaviors. However, hegemonic masculinity is not the realm in which Black men exist. Criminalized, surveilled, and subject to structural racism and racial discrimination, Black masculinities exist on their own spectrum separate from that of White men. One characteristic associated with Black masculinity is that of faith, and faith is a growing field of study with respect to health. This paper examines the relationship between Black masculinity as framed by faith in shaping the food and eating habits of Black men. Food and eating are central to health and well-being yet remain understudied with respect to Black masculinity through the lens of faith. This study offers a qualitative account of Black men’s experiences through the use of in-depth interview data. The key finding of this study is that fasting operates as a mechanism of health promotion for Black men. This paper utilizes the term Black men as an all-encompassing term of members of the African diaspora as opposed to African American in order to recognize the diversity of the participants in this study.

Abstract 15642: Race Sex Disparities in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Hospitalized Patients With Diabetes, 2005-2015 Potential Warning Signs for Future U.S. Public Health

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gursukhman Sidhu ◽  
Charisse J Ward ◽  
Keith Ferdinand
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
White Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Secondary Diagnosis ◽  
The U.S

Introduction: Despite a recent gradually slowing and perhaps recent increase in the burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) related hospitalization in the United States population with diabetes, it is unclear whether the prior downward trend was uniform or there was an unbalanced division amongst sex and race. Methods: Adults aged ≥40 years old with comorbid diabetes as a secondary diagnosis were identified using the U.S. 2005-2015 National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS) data. The prevalence of other modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking/substance abuse, obesity, and renal failure), procedures like major amputations in the secondary diagnosis field and their association with ASCVD (acute coronary syndrome (ACS), coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, or peripheral arterial disease (PAD)) as the first-listed diagnosis were determined. Complex samples multivariate regression was used to determine the odds ratio (O.D.) with 95% confidence limits (C.L.s). Sex and race risk-adjusted ASCVD related in-hospital mortality rates were estimated. Results: The rate of total ASCVD hospitalizations adjusted to the U.S. census population increased by 5.7% for black men compared to 4% for black women cumulatively compared to a stable downtrend in white men and white women. There was a higher odd of an ASCVD hospitalizations if there was comorbid hypertension (Odds Ratio (OR 1.29; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 95% 1.28 - 1.31), dyslipidemia (OR 2.03; 95% CI 2.01 - 2.05), renal failure (OR 1.84; 95% CI 1.82 - 1.86), and smoking/substance use disorder (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.29 - 1.33). When compared to white men, black men (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.3 - 1.57) and black women (OR 1.15; 95% CI 1.04 - 1.27) had a higher likelihood of undergoing a major limb amputation during an ASCVD hospitalization. Conclusions: Blacks with diabetes continue to have a higher hospitalizations burden with a concomitant disparity in procedures and outcomes.

scholarly journals Inequalities in Hypertension and Diabetes in Canada: Intersections between Racial Identity, Gender, and Income

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Gagné ◽  
Gerry Veenstra
Keyword(s):  
Racial Identity ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Black Men ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Canadian Community Health Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Community Health Survey ◽  
Using Data

<p>A growing body of research from the United States informed by intersectionality theory indicates that racial identity, gender, and income are often entwined with one another as determinants of health in unexpectedly complex ways. Research of this kind from Canada is scarce, however. Using data pooled from ten cycles (2001- 2013) of the Canadian Community Health Survey, we regressed hypertension (HT) and diabetes (DM) on income in subsamples of Black women (n = 3,506), White women (n = 336,341), Black men (n = 2,806) and White men (n = 271,260). An increase of one decile in income was associated with lower odds of hypertension and diabetes among White men (ORHT = .98, 95% CI (.97, .99); ORDM = .93, 95% CI (.92, .94)) and White women (ORHT = .95, 95% CI (.95, .96); ORDM = .90, 95% CI (.89, .91)). In contrast, an increase of one decile in income was not associated with either health outcome among Black men (ORHT = .99, 95% CI (.92, 1.06); ORDM = .99, 95% CI (.91, 1.08)) and strongly associated with both outcomes among Black women (ORHT = .86, 95% CI (.80, .92); ORDM = .83, 95% CI (.75, .92)). Our findings highlight the complexity of the unequal distribution of hypertension and diabetes, which includes inordinately high risks of both outcomes for poor Black women and an absence of associations between income and both outcomes for Black men in Canada. These results suggest that an intersectionality framework can contribute to uncovering health inequalities in Canada.</p><p><em>Ethn Dis.</em>2017;27(4):371-378; doi:10.18865/ ed.27.4.371. </p>

Job Characteristics and Well-Being at Midlife: Ethnic and Gender Comparisons

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Crohan ◽  
Toni C. Antonucci ◽  
Pamela K. Adelmann ◽  
Lerita M. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
White Women ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
White Men ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Role Stress ◽  
And Gender

Lacking in the research on work and well-being is a focus on the characteristics of the employment role that contribute to well-being and their differential relations across ethnicity and gender. White and Black women and men at midlife (ages 40–64) were studied. The samples were drawn from two national surveys and included 186 White women, 202 White men, 254 Black women, and 169 Black men. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to assess the relation of work commitment, job satisfaction, role stress, occupational status and personal income to perceived control, life satisfaction, and happiness. Marital status, age, and hours worked were included as control variables. Results indicate that job satisfaction is positively related to life satisfaction for all four groups, and to happiness for White women and Black men. Personal income is positively related to perceived control for Black women and White men, and to life satisfaction for White women. Occupational status is positively related to perceived control for White and Black women; role stress is negatively related to life satisfaction among White men, and to happiness among Black women. Among the control variables, being married is positively related to well-being for all four race-sex groups.

Abstract P155: The Impact of Drinking Patterns on Differences in the Alcohol-Mortality Relationship between Blacks and Whites in the United States

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandra L Jackson ◽  
Frank B Hu ◽  
Ichiro Kawachi ◽  
David R Williams ◽  
Kenneth J Mukamal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
White Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Moderate Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
All Cause Mortality

Background: Moderate alcohol consumption appears to confer survival benefits, but previous studies suggest that blacks may not experience such benefits due to, for example, differences in genetic polymorphisms in ethanol metabolizing genes or societal/behavioral factors related to type and pattern of consumption. Investigating potential Black-White differences in the alcohol-mortality relationship may also help illuminate if apparent benefits of moderate alcohol consumption are confounded by lifestyle and socioeconomic characteristics. Few studies, however, have included a sufficient number of blacks. Objective: To investigate Black-White differences in the relationship between alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality. Methods: We pooled cross-sectional surveys of nationally representative samples of 145,143 adults in the National Health Interview Survey from 1997-2002 with mortality follow-up through 2006. Usual drinking days/week and level of alcohol consumed/day were based on self-report. Race-sex specific Cox regression analyses were used to adjust for marital status, education, physical activity, smoking status, and other potential confounders. Results: Over 9 years of follow-up, there were 13,366 deaths: 11,221 in whites and 2,145 in blacks. Participants who consumed 1 drink/day on 3-7 days/week had the lowest age-adjusted mortality rates (MR)/1,000 person years among white men (MR: 66.5 [95%CI: 57.7-75.3]) and women (MR: 34.3 [95%CI: 27.1-41.5]). Two drinks/day on ≤2 days/week in black men (MR: 101.9 [95%CI: 69.3-134.5]) and 1 drink/day ≤2 days/week in black women (MR: 60.0 [95%CI: 41.8-78.1]) was associated with the lowest MR. Compared to never drinkers after accounting for important covariates, the lowest relative risk of mortality for white men (HR=0.55 [95%CI: 0.42-0.74]) was found among those who consumed 2 drinks between 3 to 7 days/week, and white women (HR=0.39 [95%CI: 0.26-0.59]) consuming 1 drink/day on 3 to 7 days/week had the lowest mortality risk. Black women (HR=0.44 [95%CI: 0.27-0.72]) consuming 1 drink on ≤2 days/week had the lowest mortality risk, and black men (HR=0.52 [95%CI: 0.26-1.01]) who consumed 2 drinks ≤2 days/week had the lowest risk of total mortality. Conclusions: Light-to-moderate drinking patterns of alcohol consumption were associated with lowest all-cause mortality among white and black men and women although the apparent nadir varied by race and sex. Further research investigating racial differences in drinking patterns and health outcomes is warranted.

Abstract 20395: Racial/Ethnic and Gender Disparities in Use of Drug-Eluting vs. Bare Metal Stents in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients, 2006-2012

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason L Salemi ◽  
Amit P Pathak ◽  
Elizabeth B Pathak
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Bare Metal Stents ◽  
White Men ◽  
Metal Stents ◽  
Drug Eluting ◽  
St Elevation ◽  
And Gender ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Background: Recent evidence continues to show the benefit of drug-eluting stents (DES) over bare metal stents (BMS) in patient outcomes following ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), although the use of DES may be contraindicated in patients with specific comorbidities. In this study, we investigated racial/ethnic and gender disparities in the use of DES, after controlling for the effects of age, insurance status, secular trends, and comorbidities. Methods: The study population included all STEMI patients (n=60,218) who received PCI and at least one stent in any Florida acute-care hospital during 2006-2012. Hospital discharge data were analyzed. Procedure codes identified DES (ICD-9-CM 36.07) and BMS (ICD-9-CM 36.06). We used logistic regression to model the odds of receiving a DES. Potential predictors included in the model were patient age, racial/ethnic-gender group (referent=White men), year, payer (referent=commercial), diabetes, atrial fibrillation (AFIB), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Results: Among all STEMI patients, Hispanic women were most likely to receive a DES (61.2%) and Black men were least likely (46.8%). Furthermore, the % of patients who received no stent also varied from 6.7% among Hispanic men to 12.8% among Black women. Multivariable logistic regression results were highly significant, with included independent variables significantly predictive of the odds of receiving a DES in the expected directions. After adjustment and compared with White men, Hispanic women were 24% more likely to receive a DES (OR 1.24, 95%CI 1.13-1.37), White women were 8% more likely to receive a DES (p=0.001), and Black women were 15% less likely to receive a DES (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.76-0.95). There were no significant differences in DES usage for Hispanic men or for men or women or “other” race/ethnicity. The strongest disparity was observed for Black men, who were 32% less likely to receive a DES than White men (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.63-0.74, p<0.0001). Conclusions: In this real-world analysis of unselected and recent STEMI patients, a significant disparity in use of DES for Black men and women was observed. This disparity was not explained by patient age, payer or comorbidities, nor by the secular trend.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular Health at the Intersection of Race and Gender: Life-Course Processes to Reduce Health Disparities

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 506-507
Author(s):  
Chioun Lee ◽  
Soojin Park ◽  
Jennifer Boylan
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Black Men ◽  
White Women ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
White Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Unmeasured Confounders

Abstract Objective: Higher cardiovascular health (CVH) scores are significantly associated with reductions in aging-related disease and mortality but racial minorities exhibit poor CVH. We examine the degree to which (a) disparities in CVH exist at the intersection of race and gender and (b) CVH disparities would be reduced if marginalized groups had the same levels of resources and adversities as privileged groups. Methods: We used biomarker subsamples from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) core study and Refresher studies (N=1,948). Causal decomposition analysis was implemented to test hypothetical interventions to equalize the distribution of early-life adversities (ELAs), perceived discrimination, or adult SES between marginalized and privileged groups. We conducted sensitivity analyses to determine to what degree unmeasured confounders would invalidate our findings. Results: White women have the highest CVH score, followed by White men, Black men, and Black women. Intervening on ELAs reduces the disparities: White men vs. Black women (30% of reduction) and White women vs. Black women (15%). Intervening on adult SES provides large disparity reductions: White men vs. Black men (79%), White men vs. Black women (70%), White women vs. Black men (25%), and White women vs. Black women (32%). Among these combinations, interventions on ELAs and adult SES are robust to unmeasured confounders. However, intervening on discrimination makes little change in initial disparities. Discussion: Economic security in midlife for Blacks helps reduce racial disparities in cardiovascular health. Preventing exposure to ELAs among Black women may reduce their vulnerability to cardiovascular disease, compared to Whites.

Racial Disparities in Pregnancy-associated Intimate Partner Homicide

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052199083
Author(s):  
Aaron J. Kivisto ◽  
Samantha Mills ◽  
Lisa S. Elwood
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
White Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Intimate Partner Homicide ◽  
Homicide Victimization ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Pregnancy-associated femicide accounts for a mortality burden at least as high as any of the leading specific obstetric causes of maternal mortality, and intimate partners are the most common perpetrators of these homicides. This study examined pregnancy-associated and non-pregnancy-associated intimate partner homicide (IPH) victimization among racial/ethnic minority women relative to their non-minority counterparts using several sources of state-level data from 2003 through 2017. Data regarding partner homicide victimization came from the National Violent Death Reporting System, natality data were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Health Statistics, and relevant sociodemographic information was obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau. Findings indicated that pregnancy and racial/ethnic minority status were each associated with increased risk for partner homicide victimization. Although rates of non-pregnancy-associated IPH victimization were similar between Black and White women, significant differences emerged when limited to pregnancy-associated IPH such that Black women evidenced pregnancy-associated IPH rates more than threefold higher than that observed among White and Hispanic women. Relatedly, the largest intraracial discrepancies between pregnant and non-pregnant women emerged among Black women, who experienced pregnancy-associated IPH victimization at a rate 8.1 times greater than their non-pregnant peers. These findings indicate that the racial disparities in IPH victimization in the United States observed in prior research might be driven primarily by the pronounced differences among the pregnant subset of these populations.

Abstract 15232: Lifetime Risk of Nontraumatic Lower-extremity Amputation: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Ding ◽  
Yejin Mok ◽  
Yingying Sang ◽  
Maya Salameh ◽  
Weihong Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Black Men ◽  
White Men ◽  
Lower Extremity Amputation ◽  
Lifetime Risk ◽  
Area Deprivation ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Traumatic Amputation ◽  
Extremity Amputation

Introduction: Nontraumatic lower-extremity amputation is a serious clinical outcome. Major risk factors include peripheral artery disease and diabetic neuropathy. Although incidence rates of amputation have been reported, no lifetime risk estimates are available. Hypothesis: The lifetime risk of amputation is higher in men, blacks, and those of low socioeconomic status (SES). Methods: In 15,744 ARIC participants aged 45-64 at baseline (1987-89), we estimated the lifetime risk of amputation through age 80 by race-sex and race-SES using Fine and Gray’s proportional subhazards model accounting for the competing risk of death. This method is optimal for time-fixed exposures and thus our primary exposures are sex and race. SES included education, annual family income, and the Area Deprivation Index linked to census tract geocoding. Non-traumatic amputation was identified from hospitalization ICD codes (e.g., 84.1, Z89.4) and related operation codes. Results: There were 253 non-traumatic amputations during a median follow up of 29 years. Lifetime risk of amputation at age 80 was highest in black men (4.6%), followed by black women (2.8%), white men (1.1%) and white women (0.7%) ( Figure ). Blacks of low SES showed the highest lifetime risk (4.5%). Blacks with high SES had a higher lifetime risk of amputation than whites with low SES. The pattern was consistent when we investigated each of education (≤ vs. > high school), income (< vs. ≥$25,000) and Area Deprivation Index (< vs. ≥ race-specific median), separately. Conclusions: In this population-based cohort 5% of black men and 3% of black women experienced a non-traumatic amputation during their lifetime, while only 1% of white men and women had a hospitalization for amputation. The lifetime risk was higher among those with lower SES in both race groups. Future public health and primary care efforts should emphasize risk factor management (e.g., diabetes and smoking) among racial minority groups and those with low SES.

scholarly journals Hierarchy of Covid-19-Related Flu Symptoms According to Sex and Color or Race in Reports of Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Brazil

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-78
Author(s):  
João Francisco Severo- Santos ◽  
Dimítria Dahmer Santos
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Prediction Model ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Muscle Pain ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequality ◽  
Racial Diversity ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
White Men

The COVID-19 is a disease that presents a wide variety of combinations and intensities of symptoms, characteristic of a Flu Syndrome (FS), which can quickly evolve to a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the hierarchy of symptoms of FS in patients with SARS caused by COVID-19 and to develop a prediction model for potential cases based on sex and race. Binary logistic regression modeling was used in 405,419 records selected from the database of the Ministry of Health of Brazil. It was found that men were more affected by the disease, with a 15.5% higher risk than women. They also died more, with a 13.8% and 15% higher risk for all causes and for COVID-19, respectively. The chances of more than one non-white patient dying from all causes ranged from 18.4% to 38.7% and for Covid-19 it ranged from 16.7% to 64.3% according to race. Fever, muscle pain and loss of smell or taste alternate in the first three positions of the symptom hierarchy, according to sex and race. Cough was only relevant for white men and sore throat for black men. Vomiting was only relevant for black women. The best prediction model developed encompassed seven symptoms adjusted for age, sex and race, but was able to explain only 63% of the cases of COVID-19. Possibly racial diversity, and the socioeconomic inequality associated with it, make the challenge of estimating probabilities of infection by COVID-19, based on symptoms, more complicated in Brazil than in other countries.

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