Racial Disparities in Pregnancy-associated Intimate Partner Homicide

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052199083
Author(s):  
Aaron J. Kivisto ◽  
Samantha Mills ◽  
Lisa S. Elwood
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
White Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Intimate Partner Homicide ◽  
Homicide Victimization ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Pregnancy-associated femicide accounts for a mortality burden at least as high as any of the leading specific obstetric causes of maternal mortality, and intimate partners are the most common perpetrators of these homicides. This study examined pregnancy-associated and non-pregnancy-associated intimate partner homicide (IPH) victimization among racial/ethnic minority women relative to their non-minority counterparts using several sources of state-level data from 2003 through 2017. Data regarding partner homicide victimization came from the National Violent Death Reporting System, natality data were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Health Statistics, and relevant sociodemographic information was obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau. Findings indicated that pregnancy and racial/ethnic minority status were each associated with increased risk for partner homicide victimization. Although rates of non-pregnancy-associated IPH victimization were similar between Black and White women, significant differences emerged when limited to pregnancy-associated IPH such that Black women evidenced pregnancy-associated IPH rates more than threefold higher than that observed among White and Hispanic women. Relatedly, the largest intraracial discrepancies between pregnant and non-pregnant women emerged among Black women, who experienced pregnancy-associated IPH victimization at a rate 8.1 times greater than their non-pregnant peers. These findings indicate that the racial disparities in IPH victimization in the United States observed in prior research might be driven primarily by the pronounced differences among the pregnant subset of these populations.

Determinants of Racial Disparities in Female Incarceration Rates, 2000–2018

2021 ◽  
pp. 003464462110510
Author(s):  
Samuel L. Myers ◽  
William J. Sabol ◽  
Man Xu
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
African American Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
The United States ◽  
White Female ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Incarceration Rate ◽  
Women In Prison

In The Growth of Incarceration in the United States, the National Research Council documents the large and persistent racial disparities in imprisonment that accompanied the more than quadrupling of the U.S. incarceration rate since the 1980s. Largely unnoticed by policy makers and opinion leaders in recent years is an unprecedented decrease in the number of African American women incarcerated at the same time that the number of white women in prison has grown to new heights. The result of these recent changes is a near convergence in black-white female incarceration rates from 2000 to 2016. In some states, the changes occurred abruptly and almost instantaneously. In other states, the convergence has been gradual. We find that changes in the population composition—the fraction of the population that is black—was the major contributor to the decline in the disparity among women. We also find that race-specific differences in drug overdose deaths stemming from the recent increases in opioid use lowered the disparity by increasing the white female imprisonment rate and lowering it for black women.

scholarly journals Couple Age Discrepancy and Risk of Intimate Partner Homicide

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noelia Breitman ◽  
Todd K. Shackelford ◽  
Carolyn Rebecca Block
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Heterosexual Couples ◽  
Intimate Partner Homicide ◽  
Arrest Record ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Age Discrepancy

Although national level studies in the United States and Canada find that extreme partner age discrepancy is a risk factor for intimate partner homicide in opposite-sex couples, these studies carry two caveats: They are limited to cohabiting marital or common-law couples and they are not detailed enough to explore alternative explanations for the age discrepancy-homicide risk association. Using the Chicago Homicide Dataset, which includes all homicides that occurred in Chicago from 1965 to 1996, we analyze the 2,577 homicides in which the victim was killed by a current or former legal spouse, common-law spouse, or heterosexual boyfriend or girlfriend, and in which the woman was at least 18 years of age. Within each of 14 categories of couple age discrepancy, we estimate the population of intimate heterosexual couples and calculate the population-based risk of homicide. The results replicate national level findings showing that the risk of intimate partner homicide is considerably elevated for couples with a large discrepancy between their ages—where the man is at least 16 years older than the woman or the woman is at least 10 years older than the man. This risk pattern occurs regardless of whether the man or the woman was the homicide offender. We then investigate whether the link between partner age discrepancy and homicide risk is explained by the offender’s arrest record. Results show that the higher risk of intimate partner homicide for age discrepant couples is robust, and does not depend on the previous arrest record of the offender. Discussion addresses other possible explanations for the increased risk of partner homicide for age discrepant couples, and the practical implications of these findings.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Testing and Vaccine Hesitancy in Latinx Farm-Working Communities in The Eastern Coachella Valley

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gehlbach ◽  
Evelyn Vázquez ◽  
Gabriela Ortiz ◽  
Erica Li ◽  
Cintya Beltrán Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
The United States ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Minority Population ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Coachella Valley ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract Background A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (known as COVID-19), spread rapidly around the world, affecting all and creating an ongoing global pandemic. In the United States, Latinx, African American, and Indigenous populations across the country have been disproportionately affected by COVID-19 cases and death rates. An examination of the perceptions and beliefs about the spread of the virus, COVID-19 testing, and vaccination amongst racial/ethnic minority groups is needed in order to alleviate the widespread disparity in new cases and deaths. Methods From November to December 2020 the research team conducted focus groups with members of Latinx farm-working communities in the Eastern Coachella Valley, located in the inland southern California desert region. A total of seven focus groups, six in Spanish and one in Purépecha, with a total of 55 participants were conducted. Topics covered include knowledge of the coronavirus, COVID-19 testing and vaccination. Results Using theme identification techniques, the findings identify structural factors that underly perceptions held by immigrant, migrant, and indigenous Latinx community members about COVID-19, which, in turn, shape attitudes and behaviors related to COVID-19 testing and vaccination. Common themes that emerged across focus groups include misinformation, lack of trust in institutions, and insecurity around employment and residency. Conclusions This racial/ethnic minority population is structurally vulnerable to historical and present-day inequalities that put them at increased risk of COVID-19 exposure, morbidity, and mortality. Findings from the focus groups indicate a significant need for interventions that decrease structural vulnerabilities by addressing issues of (dis)trust in government and public health among this population.

No Way Out: Severely Abused Latina Women, Patriarchal Terrorism, and Self-Help Homicide

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon B. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
White Women ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Intimate Partner Homicide ◽  
Latina Women ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Self Help

This article explores the diminished occurrence of intimate partner homicide (IPH)—referred to as self-help homicide—perpetrated by Latinas when compared with Black and White women. Self-help homicide is a consequence of patriarchal terrorism. I endeavor to answer the following research question: What explains lower rates of self-help homicide perpetrated by Latinas relative to White and Black women? This question is addressed through a self-help/intersectional theoretical analysis of structural, institutional, and cultural barriers to criminal justice resource access. This diminished access increases the likelihood of IPH victimization.

scholarly journals Racial Disparities in Risk of Second Primary Cancers in Patients With Endometrial Cancer: Analysis of SEER Data

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Sinclair Felix ◽  
Faina Linkov ◽  
George Larry Maxwell ◽  
Camille Ragin ◽  
Emanuela Taioli
Keyword(s):  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Black Women ◽  
General Population ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
White Women ◽  
Gynecologic Cancer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second Primary ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Introduction:Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecologic cancer in the United States. Racial disparities in the incidence and mortality of this cancer are apparent; black women are less likely to develop this malignancy and yet are more likely to die when diagnosed. Racial differences of second primary cancer (SPC) have not been examined, and the goal of this study was to examine these differences.Methods:With the use of the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, SPC risk in white patients and black patients with EC was compared to the general population and to women with other primary cancers. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of SPC (overall and by tumor site) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Poisson regression was used to estimate the race-specific risk of SPC in EC cases treated with radiotherapy versus nonirradiated cases.Results:The analysis included 11,047 patients with EC diagnosed between 1973 and 2007 that developed an SPC. Overall risk of SPC in white women with EC was significantly lower than that in the general population (SIR = 0.85; 95% CI, 0.84-0.87) but significantly higher in black women with EC (SIR = 1.19; 95% CI, 1.08-1.31). White women with EC treated with radiotherapy were more likely to develop SPC compared with nonirradiated cases (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.18; 95% CI, 1.14-1.23).Conclusions:This is the first analysis of race-specific SPC risk in EC cases, and it suggests differences between white women and black women with EC. Although exploratory, these data provide important clues about the etiology of SPC in patients with EC. This analysis also highlights the need for careful monitoring after diagnosis and treatment of EC.

scholarly journals Racial Variation in Stroke Risk Among Women by Stroke Risk Factors

Stroke ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monik C. Jiménez ◽  
JoAnn E. Manson ◽  
Nancy R. Cook ◽  
Ichiro Kawachi ◽  
Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
White Women ◽  
Stroke Risk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Rate Difference ◽  
Stroke Risk Factors ◽  
Causal Pathway

Background and Purpose— In the United States, black Americans exhibit a greater risk of stroke and burden of stroke risk factors than whites; however, it is unclear whether these stroke risk factors influence stroke risk differently across racial groups. Methods— In total, 126 018 participants of the Women’s Health Initiative (11 389 black and 114 629 white women), free of stroke and coronary heart disease at baseline (1994–1998), were followed through 2010. Participants completed baseline clinical exams with standardized measurements of blood pressure and anthropometrics, medication inventory and self-reported questionnaires on sociodemographics, behaviors/lifestyle, and medical history. Incident total, ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes were updated annually through questionnaires with medical record confirmation. Rate differences (per 100 000 person-years) and hazard ratios (HR) based on multivariable Cox models and were estimated. Results— Over a median of 13 years, 4344 stroke events were observed. Absolute incidence rates were higher in black than white women in each age group. In age-adjusted analyses, the risk of stroke was significantly higher among black compared with white women (HR=1.47, 95% CI, 1.33–1.63); adjustment for stroke risk factors, which may be on the causal pathway, attenuated the estimate. Racial disparities were greatest among women 50 to <60 years (HR=3.48; 95% CI, 2.31–5.26; rate difference =99) and diminished with increasing age (60 to <70 HR=1.80; 95% CI, 1.50–2.16; rate difference =107; ≥70 years: HR=1.26; 95% CI, 1.10–1.43; rate difference =87; P interaction <0.001). Black women 50 to <60 years remained at significantly higher risk than white women after adjustment for stroke risk factors (HR=1.76; 95% CI, 1.09–2.83). Conclusions— There was a moderately greater risk of total stroke among black compared with white women; however, racial disparities were greatest among women aged 50 to <60 years. Interventions targeted at younger black women may provide the greatest benefit in reducing disparities.

An Application of the Theory of Representative Bureaucracy, Gender Concordance, and Symbolic Representation in the Health Care Context

2021 ◽  
pp. 027507402110493
Author(s):  
Kenicia Wright
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
White Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Symbolic Representation ◽  
Representative Bureaucracy ◽  
Female Physicians ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Gender Concordance

Although the United States spends more on health care than comparable nations, many Americans suffer from poor health. Many factors are emphasized as being important for improved health outcomes, including social and economic indicators, living and working conditions, and individual-level behavior. However, I argue the overwhelming attention to male health outcomes—compared to female health outcomes—and focus on factors that are “traditionally understood” as important in shaping health are two limitations of existing health-related research. I adopt an innovative approach that combines the theory of representative bureaucracy, gender concordance, and symbolic representation to argue that increase in female physicians contribute to improved female health outcomes. Using an originally collected dataset that contains information on female physicians, health outcomes, and state and individual-level factors, I study how female physicians influence the health outcomes of non-Hispanic White women, non-Hispanic Black women, and Latinas in the United States from 2000 to 2012. The findings suggest female physicians contribute to improved health outcomes for non-Hispanic White women and non-Hispanic Black women, but not Latinas. Supplemental Analysis bolsters confidence that the findings are not the result of increased access to health care professionals. This study highlights the importance of applying the theory of representative bureaucracy and symbolic representation to health care, the promise of greater female representation in health, and the insight gleaned from incorporating intersectionality in public administration research.

Distant metastases after diagnosis: Racial disparities in breast cancer outcomes.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1084-1084
Author(s):  
Julia Blanter ◽  
Ilana Ramer ◽  
Justina Ray ◽  
Emily J. Gallagher ◽  
Nina A. Bickell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
White Women ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Distant Metastases ◽  
Stage At Diagnosis

1084 Background: Black women diagnosed with breast cancer are more likely to have a poor prognosis, regardless of breast cancer subtype. Despite having a lower incidence rate of breast cancer when compared to white women, black women have the highest breast cancer death rate of all racial and ethnic groups, a characteristic often attributed to late stage at diagnosis. Distant metastases are considered the leading cause of death from breast cancer. We performed a follow up study of women with breast cancer in the Mount Sinai Health System (MSHS) to determine differences in distant metastases rates among black versus white women. Methods: Women were initially recruited as part of an NIH funded cross-sectional study from 2013-2020 to examine the link between insulin resistance (IR) and breast cancer prognosis. Women self-identified as black or white race. Data was collected via retrospective analysis of electronic medical records (EMR) between September 2020-January 2021. Distant metastases at diagnosis was defined as evidence of metastases in a secondary organ (not lymph node). Stage at diagnosis was recorded for all patients. Distant metastases after diagnosis was defined as evidence of metastases at any time after initiation of treatment. Univariate analysis was performed using Fisher’s exact test, multivariate analysis was performed by binary logistic regression, and results expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: We identified 441 women enrolled in the IR study within the MSHS (340 white women, 101 black women). Median follow up time for all women was 2.95 years (median = 3.12 years for white and 2.51 years for black women (p=0.017)). Among these patients, 11 developed distant metastases after diagnosis: 4 (1.2%) white and 7 (6.9%) black (p=0.004). Multivariate analysis adjusting for age, race and stage at diagnosis revealed that black women were more likely to have distant metastasis (OR 5.8, CI 1.3-25.2), as were younger women (OR for age (years) 0.9, CI 0.9-1.0), and those with more advanced stage at diagnosis. Conclusions: Black women demonstrated a far higher percentage of distant metastases after diagnosis even when accounting for age and stage. These findings suggest that racial disparities still exist in the development of distant metastases, independent from a late-stage diagnosis. The source of existing disparities needs to be further understood and may be found in surveillance, treatment differences, or follow up.

Gun Homicide Research: What We Know and Where We Need to Go

2021 ◽  
pp. 108876792110484
Author(s):  
Shani Buggs ◽  
April M. Zeoli
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Gun Violence ◽  
The State ◽  
Intimate Partner Homicide ◽  
Mass Shootings ◽  
Future Directions

Guns are used in the majority of homicides in the United States, making the problem of homicide largely a problem of gun violence. This article presents three types of gun homicide (mass shootings, intimate partner homicide, and community gun violence), and briefly discusses the state of knowledge on their risk factors and promising interventions. Future directions for research are presented, focusing on examining differential implementation and impacts of interventions by racialized groups and communities, as well as interrogating conventional approaches and methodologies.

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