Combined Effects of Elevated Temperature and Crude Oil Pollution on Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Sea Cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus, Selenka)

Currently, global climate change and oil pollution are two main environmental concerns for sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) aquaculture. However, no study has been conducted on the combined effects of elevated temperature and oil pollution on sea cucumber. Therefore, in the present study, we treated sea cucumber with elevated temperature (26 °C) alone, water-accommodated fractions (WAF) of Oman crude oil at an optimal temperature of 16 °C, and Oman crude oil WAF at an elevated temperature of 26 °C for 24 h. Results showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and total antioxidant capacity in WAF at 26 °C treatment were higher than that in WAF at 16 °C treatment, as evidenced by 6.03- and 1.31-fold-higher values, respectively. Oxidative damage assessments manifested that WAF at 26 °C treatment caused much severer oxidative damage of the biomacromolecules (including DNA, proteins, and lipids) than 26 °C or WAF at 16 °C treatments did. Moreover, compared to 26 °C or WAF at 16 °C treatments, WAF at 26 °C treatment induced a significant increase in cellular apoptosis by detecting the caspase-3 activity. Our results revealed that co-exposure to elevated temperature and crude oil could simulate higher ROS levels and subsequently cause much severer oxidative damage and cellular apoptosis than crude oil alone on sea cucumber.

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Antioxidant Response and Oxidative Stress in the Respiratory Tree of Sea Cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) Following Exposure to Crude Oil and Chemical Dispersant

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering ◽

10.3390/jmse8080547 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 547 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xishan Li ◽

Guoxiang Liao ◽

Zhonglei Ju ◽

Chengyan Wang ◽

Nan Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Oxidative Damage ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Sea Cucumber ◽

Oil Spills ◽

Apostichopus Japonicus ◽

Antioxidant Response ◽

Chemical Dispersant ◽

Respiratory Tree ◽

And Oxidative Stress

Sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) is mainly cultured in the coastal zone, where it is easily threatened by accidental oil spills. Chemical dispersant is one of the efficient oil spill responses for mitigating the overall environmental damage of oil spills. However, the impact of crude oil and chemical dispersants on sea cucumber is less well known. Hence, the present study focused on exploring the antioxidant response and oxidative stress in the respiratory tree of sea cucumber following exposure to GM-2 chemical dispersant (DISP), water-accommodated fractions (WAF), and chemically enhanced WAF (CEWAF) of Oman crude oil for 24 h. Results manifested that WAF exposure caused a significant increase in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level (5.29 ± 0.30 AU·mgprot−1), and the effect was much more obvious in CEWAF treatment (5.73 ± 0.16 AU·mgprot−1). Total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), as an important biomarker of the antioxidant defense capacity, showed an increasing trend following WAF exposure (0.95 ± 0.12 U·mgprot−1) while a significant reduction in T-AOC was observed following CEWAF exposure (0.23 ± 0.13 U·mgprot−1). Moreover, we also evaluated the oxidative damage of the macromolecules (DNA, protein, and lipid), and our results revealed that the presence of chemical dispersant enhanced oxidative damage caused by crude oil to sea cucumber.

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Combined effects of hypoxia or elevated temperature and Deepwater Horizon crude oil exposure on juvenile mahi-mahi swimming performance

Marine Environmental Research ◽

10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.05.009 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 139 ◽

pp. 129-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Edward M. Mager ◽

Christina Pasparakis ◽

John D. Stieglitz ◽

Ronald Hoenig ◽

Jeffrey M. Morris ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Elevated Temperature ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Swimming Performance ◽

Deepwater Horizon ◽

Combined Effects ◽

Oil Exposure

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Physiological and immunological responses of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus during desiccation and subsequent resubmersion

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.7427 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. e7427 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Shiying Hou ◽

Zewei Jin ◽

Wenwen Jiang ◽

Liang Chi ◽

Bin Xia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Damage ◽

Sea Cucumber ◽

Health Management ◽

Physiological Stress ◽

Apostichopus Japonicus ◽

Complement C3 ◽

Coelomic Fluid ◽

Control Group ◽

Immunological Responses ◽

Immune Parameters

Desiccation is one of the extremely stressful situations experienced by aquatic animals, and sea cucumber usually suffers from desiccation stress during transportation without water. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of desiccation and subsequent resubmersion on physiological stress, oxidative damage, antioxidant status and non-specific immune response of Apostichopus japonicus, providing valuable information on the health management of sea cucumber culturing. Control and desiccation groups were set up, and each group has three replicates. After 1, 3 and 6 h of desiccation, individuals were resubmersed in aerated seawater for a 24 h recovery in three batches, which were represented as D1, D3 and D6, respectively. The results showed that glucose level in coelomic fluid of sea cucumber significantly decreased after desiccation, whereas lactate, cortisol and osmolality showed remarkable ascending trends. Thereafter, all stress parameters gently recovered towards normal levels as control group during 24 h resubmersion. The prolonged desiccation at D6 treatment induced the significant increases of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents, as well as relatively lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. During the period of desiccation and subsequent resubmersion, sea cucumber adjusted antioxidant defense to reduce the concentrations of MDA and ROS as a strategy for protecting against oxidative damage. Desiccation also had significant effects on non-specific immune parameters (total coelomocytes counts, TCC; complement C3; total nitric oxide synthase, T-NOS; lysozyme, LSZ; alkaline phosphatase, AKP) of A. japonicus, which could be recovered to some extent during resubmersion. In conclusion, less than 6 h of desiccation did not induce irreparable damage to sea cucumber, and was recommended for handling and shipping live sea cucumbers.

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Toxic Effects of Crude Oil Water Accommodated Fractions on the Cardiac Function of Marine Medaka (Oryzias melastigma) Embryo

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.5220 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 644-650 ◽

pp. 5220-5223

Author(s):

Zhen Dong Zhang ◽

Qi Lun Yan ◽

Rui Rui Wang ◽

Dao Yan Xu

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Function ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Oil Pollution ◽

Cardiac Contractility ◽

Model Organism ◽

Toxic Effects ◽

Marine Medaka ◽

Study Results ◽

Water Accommodated Fractions ◽

Medaka Embryo

The marine medaka Oryziasmelastigma was used as model organism to detect and evaluate the cardiac function alterations of medaka embryos due to oil exposure induced ecotoxicological effect in the present study. Results showed that the developing medaka heart was a sensitive target organ for the toxic effects of crude oil. Cardiac function of medaka embryos was clearly affected by exposure to WAF of crude oil after 24 hours exposure. Significant differences in cardiac structure and function of medaka embryo were found between exposed and control groups. The chemicals in crude oil slowed down the embryos heart rates, reduced cardiac contractility capability and causes irregular heartbeats. At higher exposure concentrations (7.2 mg/L), swelled and enlarged heart morphology, lower blood circulation and accumulation of blood around the heart area was found. These findings indicate that cardiac function of marine medaka embryo may be used as a toxicity model and biomarker for oil pollution.

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