Late Menarche, Not Reproductive Period, Is Associated with Poor Cognitive Function in Postmenopausal Women in Taiwan

Female sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone play an important role in the regulation of a woman’s body, including cognition and neurogenesis. However, the effects of age at menarche and reproductive period on cognitive function are still controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between age at menarche and reproductive period with cognitive impairment. Data were obtained from the Taiwan Biobank. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and its five subdomains. Multivariable linear regression analysis revealed that an old age at menarche (per one year; coefficient β, −0.189; p = 0.020) was significantly associated with a low total MMSE score, whereas reproductive period (p = 0.733) was not significantly associated with total MMSE score. Furthermore, an old age at menarche was significantly associated with low MMSE G2 (registration) (per one year; coefficient β, −0.022; p = 0.035) and G5 (language, construction and obey) scores (per one year; coefficient β, −0.054; p = 0.047). However, age at menarche was not significantly associated with MMSE G1 (orientation), G3 (attention and calculation) and G4 (recall) scores. In addition, reproductive period was not significantly associated with any MMSE subscores. Late menarche was associated with poor cognitive function, including low total MMSE score and low MMSE G2 and G5 scores. However, reproductive period was not associated with cognitive function in postmenopausal women.

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Reproductive Factors and Risk of Dementia in Natural Postmenopausal Women: a Cross-sectional Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-562858/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jinghuan Gan ◽

Zhichao Chen ◽

Shuai Liu ◽

Fei Wang ◽

Xiaodan Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mmse Score ◽

Reproductive Factors ◽

Northern China ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Reproductive Period ◽

Self Report ◽

Age At Menarche ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Natural Menopause ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Background: Women comprise more than half of people suffering cognitive impairment. This study aims to evaluate the association or interaction between reproductive factors and the risk of dementia in Chinese women with natural menopause.Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted in 112 community primary health care centers in rural northern China between April 2019 and January 2020. A total of 4,275 women aged ≥ 65 years who had natural menopause were included. Reproductive factors were recorded by self-report. Reproductive period was calculated as age at menopause minus age at menarche.Results: Compared to those without dementia, women with dementia were significantly older at menarche and younger at menopause; had significantly shorter duration of reproductive period; and had more pregnancies and parities. There were 0.757, 0.698, and 0.708 times to get dementia for women who experienced reproductive periods with 31-33 years, 34-36 years, and ≥ 37 years, respectively, as compared with ≤ 30 years. Reproductive period could positively predict MMSE score (β = 0.112) and negative prediction of the number of parities (β = -0.449); the number of parities could negatively predict MMSE score (β = -0.851) as well.Conclusions: Longer duration of reproductive period, directly or through lower number of pregnancies/parities indirectly, lowers the risk of dementia in late life.

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Reproductive period and cognitive function in a representative sample of naturally postmenopausal women aged 60–64 years

Climacteric ◽

10.1080/13697130500345240 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 380-389 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

L. -F. Low ◽

K. J. Anstey ◽

A. F. Jorm ◽

B. Rodgers ◽

H. Christensen

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Representative Sample ◽

Reproductive Period

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The Epoch Effect on Cognitive Function Requires Regular Updating of Cognitive Screening Tests

Journal of Alzheimer s Disease ◽

10.3233/jad-200112 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 77 (2) ◽

pp. 667-674

Author(s):

Ji-Ping Tan ◽

Xiaoxiao Wang ◽

Xiaoyang Lan ◽

Nan Li ◽

Shimin Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Mmse Score ◽

Characteristic Curve ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Cognitive Screening ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Discrimination Ability ◽

Over Time

Background: Over time, improved cognitive abilities in elderly individuals lead to an overall increase in performance on widely used cognitive screening tests (e.g., Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE) and impact screening efficacy. Objective: We aimed to examine the epoch effect on cognitive function measured using MMSE, in addition to the influence of demographic characteristics on MMSE. We also evaluated the ability of the MMSE in detecting dementia and examined the discrimination ability and measurement precision of the MMSE. Methods: In a cross-sectional survey, Chinese veterans aged ≥60 years were interviewed. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to explore the factors affecting the MMSE. The expected MMSE score was calculated to examine the epoch effect. The diagnostic accuracy of the MMSE was determined via receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. Item response theory methods were implemented using Stata 16.0. Results: The MMSE score increased with higher education and decreased with advancing age. The observed MMSE score in this study (26.9) was higher than the expected MMSE score (24.9). It demonstrated 78.3% /84.1% /89.9% sensitivity and 85.8% /79.5% /66.8% specificity in detecting dementia using the cut-off score 25/26/27. The MMSE showed reduced discrimination and provided little information for ability level of −1 and above. Conclusion: Improved cognitive ability over time may increase the performance on cognitive screening tests (e.g., MMSE). This impact of epoch in cognitive function emphasizes the importance of regularly updating cognitive screening tests.

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Lifelong drinking is not associated with poor cognitive function in old age

BMJ ◽

10.1136/bmj.314.7095.0c ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 314 (7095) ◽

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Old Age ◽

Poor Cognitive Function

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Association between Cerebral Oxygenation, as Evaluated with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, and Cognitive Function in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

Nephron ◽

10.1159/000513327 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Susumu Ookawara ◽

Kiyonori Ito ◽

Yusuke Sasabuchi ◽

Yuichiro Ueda ◽

Hideyuki Hayasaka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Oxygen Saturation ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Cerebral Oxygenation ◽

Mmse Score ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Chronic Glomerulonephritis ◽

Clinical Factors ◽

Cross Sectional

Introduction: The prevalence of cognitive impairment in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) is higher than that in healthy controls. To date, studies on the association between cognitive function and cerebral oxygenation in these patients are limited. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to cross-sectionally investigate the association between cognitive assessment scores and clinical factors, including cerebral oxygenation, in patients undergoing HD. Methods: In this observational study, 193 HD patients were included. Cerebral regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) was monitored using an INVOS 5,100c oxygen saturation monitor. Poor cognition was defined as a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≤23. We analyzed the association between MMSE score and clinical factors, including cerebral rSO2. Results: MMSE score in HD patients included in this study was 26.8 ± 3.3. There were 164 patients (85%) with MMSE score ≥24 and 29 patients (15%) with an MMSE score ≤23. In the patients with MMSE score ≥24, cerebral rSO2 (53.8% ± 8.3%) was significantly higher than that in patients with MMSE score ≤23 (49.5% ± 9.8%; p = 0.013). Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed using the following confounding factors: age, mean blood pressure, cerebral rSO2, HD duration, ultrafiltration rate, hemoglobin, serum Cr, serum calcium, serum phosphate, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, serum albumin, presence of diabetes mellitus or chronic glomerulonephritis, history of comorbid cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, and use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors or vitamin D analogs. MMSE score was independently and significantly associated with age (standardized coefficient: −0.244) and cerebral rSO2 (standardized coefficient: 0.180). Conclusions: MMSE score was independently associated with age (negative effect) and cerebral rSO2 (positive effect) in this cross-sectional study. Further prospective studies are needed to clarify whether maintaining cerebral oxygenation prevents the deterioration of cognitive function in patients undergoing HD.

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Subjective cognitive complaints one year after ceasing adjuvant endocrine therapy for early-stage breast cancer: Findings from the Breast International Group (BIG) 1-98 trial.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.9022 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 30 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. 9022-9022

Author(s):

Kelly-Anne Phillips ◽

Karin Ribi ◽

Julie Aldridge ◽

Alastair Mark Thompson ◽

Vernon J. Harvey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Endocrine Therapy ◽

Patient Reported Outcomes ◽

Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy ◽

The Other ◽

Subjective Cognitive Function ◽

Patient Reported ◽

One Year

9022 Background: We have previously reported that, in the BIG 1-98 trial, objective cognitive function improved in postmenopausal women one year after cessation of adjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer. Here we evaluate changes in subjective cognitive function (SCF). Methods: One hundred postmenopausal women, randomized to receive five years of adjuvant tamoxifen, letrozole, or sequences of both, completed self-reported measures on SCF, psychological distress, fatigue and quality of life during the fifth year of trial treatment (year 5) and one year after treatment completion (year 6). Changes between years 5 and 6 were evaluated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. SCF and its correlates were explored. Results: Mean age of participants was 63.9 years [SD=7.1 years]. SCF and the other patient-reported outcomes did not change significantly after cessation of endocrine therapy with the exception of improvement in hot flushes (p=0.0005). No difference in changes was found between women who were taking tamoxifen or letrozole at year 5. SCF was the only psychosocial outcome with a substantial correlation between year 5 and 6 (Spearman’s R=0.80). Correlations between SCF and the other patient-reported outcomes were generally low. Conclusions: Although objective cognitive function improved after cessation of adjuvant endocrine therapy in the BIG 1-98 trial, improvement in SCF was not evident. The underlying reason for the clear disconnect between objective and subjective cognitive function seen in this and most other studies, is a crucial issue. It should be a research priority in order to effectively tackle the concerns of women about their cognition during and after breast cancer treatment.

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The Association between Social Support Sources and Cognitive Function among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A One-Year Prospective Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16214228 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (21) ◽

pp. 4228 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Taiji Noguchi ◽

Ippei Nojima ◽

Tomoe Inoue-Hirakawa ◽

Hideshi Sugiura

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Older People ◽

Cognitive Decline ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Positive Association ◽

Japanese Version ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

One Year

There is evidence that social relationships may modify cognitive decline in older people. We examined the prospective association between social support and cognitive function among community-dwelling older people. Japanese adults recruited at health checkups in suburban towns were surveyed at baseline and one-year follow-up. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Japanese version (MoCA-J). Social support from coresiding family, non-coresiding family, and neighbors/friends was assessed using self-administered questionnaires. Multivariable linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the effects of social support on MoCA-J scores at follow-up. Data were analyzed from 121 older people (mean age (standard deviation): 73.86 (4.95) years). There was a positive association between social support exchanges with neighbors and friends and MoCA-J scores at follow-up after covariate adjustment (unstandardized β = 1.23, p = 0.006). Social support exchanges with coresiding family and non-coresiding family and relatives were not associated with MoCA-J scores at follow-up (coresiding family: Unstandardized β = 0.28, p = 0.813, non-coresiding family and relatives: Unstandardized β = 0.51, p = 0.238). The provision of emotional support to neighbors and friends had the largest effect on MoCA-J scores. Our findings suggest that social support exchanges with neighbors and friends are protective against cognitive decline.

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