Differences in the Protection Motivation Theory Constructs between People with Various Latent Classes of Motivation for Vaccination and Preventive Behaviors against COVID-19 in Taiwan

The present study aimed to identify the distinct classes of motivations to get vaccinated and to adopt preventive behaviors against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among people in Taiwan and to examine the roles of Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) cognitive constructs in these unique classes of motivations to get vaccinated and to adopt preventive behaviors. We recruited 1047 participants by using a Facebook advertisement. Participants’ motivations to get vaccinated and to adopt preventive behaviors against COVID-19, PMT constructs of threat appraisal (perceived severity and perceived vulnerability), and PMT constructs of coping appraisal (self-efficacy, response efficacy, response cost, knowledge, and previous vaccination for seasonal influenza) were determined. We analyzed participants’ motivations to get vaccinated and to adopt preventive behaviors against COVID-19 by using latent profile analysis. The present study identified three latent classes, including the participants with high motivation for vaccination and preventive behaviors (the class of Both High), those with low motivation for vaccination and preventive behaviors (the class of Both Low), and those with high motivation for vaccination but low motivation for preventive behaviors (the class of High Vaccination but Low Preventive Behaviors). Compared with the participants in the class of Both High, participants in the class of Both Low had lower levels of perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, self-efficacy to have vaccination, response efficacy of vaccination, knowledge about vaccination, and previous vaccination for seasonal influenza; participants in the class of High Vaccination but Low Preventive Behaviors had lower levels of perceived vulnerability and perceived severity but higher levels of response cost of vaccination. We concluded that varieties of motivations, threat, and coping appraisals should be considered in intervention programs aiming to increase motivation to adopt recommended protective behaviors against COVID-19.

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Predicting COVID-19 Preventive Behaviors based on Protection Motivation Theory in Hormozgan, Iran.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-82943/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Roghayeh Ezati Rad ◽

Hesamaddin Kamalzadeh Takhti ◽

Mehdi Hassani Azad ◽

Shokrollah Mohseni ◽

Teamur Aghamolaei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hypothesis Testing ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Protection Motivation Theory ◽

Maladaptive Behavior ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Protection Motivation ◽

Motivation Theory ◽

Protective Behaviors ◽

Preventive Behaviors ◽

Response Efficacy

Abstract Background: The present research aimed to predict the preventive behaviors of COVID-19 in the light of the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT).Methods: The present cross-sectional research was conducted in 2 months (March 2020-April 2020) in Hormozgan Province of Iran. The research population comprised all residents above 15 years of age. They received an online questionnaire survey in two parts, demographic information along with PMT constructs. To analyze the data, independent t-test and one-way anova test, Multiple linear regression and the statistical technique of path analysis and structural equation modeling was used. All statistical calculations and hypothesis testing were performed using spss21 and Amos21 software and a significant level of hypothesis testing was considered to be 0.05Results: A total number of 2,032 subjects participated in this research, the mean age of whom was 34.84±9.8 (R=15-98). The majority of participants were between 31 - 40 years old, female (60.4%), married (72%), urban residents (87.3%), holding a Bachelor’s degree or higher (58.8%) and employed (58.8%). Statistically significant positive correlation coefficients were estimated between preventive behaviors of COVID-19 and perceived vulnerability (r=0.192, p<0.001), perceived severity (r=0.092, p<0.001), response efficacy (r=0.398, p<0.001) ,self efficacy (r=0.497, p<0.001) and protection motivation (r=0.595, p<0.001). Statistically significant negative correlations were found between behavior and maladaptive behavior rewards (r=-0.243, p<0.001) and perceived costs (r=-0.121, p<0.001).Conclusions: The present findings showed that maladaptive behavior reward and fear predicted protective behaviors negatively; response efficacy and self-efficacy predicted protective behaviors positively. The effect of self-efficacy was the strongest among all. The information provided in this research can contribute to policy-making in the country.

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Comparisons of Motivation to Receive COVID-19 Vaccination and Related Factors between Frontline Physicians and Nurses and the Public in Taiwan: Applying the Extended Protection Motivation Theory

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9050528 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 528

Author(s):

Yen-Ju Lin ◽

Cheng-Fang Yen ◽

Yu-Ping Chang ◽

Peng-Wei Wang

Keyword(s):

Health Workers ◽

Protection Motivation Theory ◽

Protection Motivation ◽

Motivation Theory ◽

Response Cost ◽

Perceived Severity ◽

The Public ◽

Response Efficacy ◽

Frontline Health Workers ◽

To Receive

This study aimed to compare the differences in motivation to receive a COVID-19 vaccination between frontline physicians and nurses and the Taiwanese public. The associations of threat and coping appraisals, as described in Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), with motivation to receive COVID-19 vaccination were compared between these groups, too. We recruited 279 frontline physicians and nurses and 768 members of the public by a Facebook advertisement. Participants’ motivation to receive COVID-19 vaccination, perceived severity of and vulnerability to COVID-19, self-efficacy and response efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination, response cost of COVID-19 vaccination, and knowledge about the mechanism of COVID-19 vaccination in light of PMT were determined. The results demonstrated that frontline health workers had higher motivation to receive COVID-19 vaccination than the public. Response efficacy and knowledge of COVID-19 vaccination were positively associated with motivation to receive COVID-19 vaccination in both frontline health workers and the public, whereas perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, and response cost of COVID-19 vaccination were positively associated with motivation in the public but not in frontline physicians and nurses. The factors related to motivation to receive COVID-19 vaccination should be considered when designing programs to increase motivation to receive COVID-19 vaccination among frontline health workers and the public.

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Predicting COVID-19 Preventive Behaviors based on Protection Motivation Theory in Hormozgan, Iran

10.21203/rs.3.rs-51301/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Roghayeh Ezati Rad ◽

Shokrollah Mohseni ◽

Hesamaddin Kamalzadeh Takhti ◽

Mehdi Hassani Azad ◽

Nahid Shahabi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hypothesis Testing ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Protection Motivation Theory ◽

Maladaptive Behavior ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Protection Motivation ◽

Motivation Theory ◽

Protective Behaviors ◽

Preventive Behaviors ◽

Response Efficacy

Abstract Background: The present research aimed to predict the preventive behaviors of COVID-19 in the light of the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT).Methods: The present cross-sectional research was conducted in 2 months (March 2020-April 2020) in Hormozgan Province of Iran. The research population comprised all residents above 15 years of age. They received an online questionnaire survey in two parts, demographic information along with PMT constructs. To analyze the data, independent t-test and one-way anova test, Multiple linear regression and the statistical technique of path analysis and structural equation modeling was used. All statistical calculations and hypothesis testing were performed using spss21 and Amos21 software and a significant level of hypothesis testing was considered to be 0.05Results: A total number of 2,032 subjects participated in this research, the mean age of whom was 34.84±9.8 (R=15-98). The majority of participants were between 31 - 40 years old, female (60.4%), married (72%), urban residents (87.3%), holding a Bachelor’s degree or higher (58.8%) and employed (58.8%). Statistically significant positive correlation coefficients were estimated between preventive behaviors of COVID-19 and perceived vulnerability (r=0.192, p<0.001), perceived severity (r=0.092, p<0.001), response efficacy (r=0.398, p<0.001) ,self efficacy (r=0.497, p<0.001) and protection motivation (r=0.595, p<0.001). Statistically significant negative correlations were found between behavior and maladaptive behavior rewards (r=-0.243, p<0.001) and perceived costs (r=-0.121, p<0.001). Conclusions: The present findings showed that maladaptive behavior reward and fear predicted protective behaviors negatively; response efficacy and self-efficacy predicted protective behaviors positively. The effect of self-efficacy was the strongest among all. The information provided in this research can contribute to policy-making in the country.

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The protection motivation theory for predict intention of COVID-19 vaccination in Iran: a structural equation modeling approach

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11134-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam ◽

Maryam Seraji ◽

Zahra Sharafi ◽

Mahdi Mohammadi ◽

Hassan Okati-Aliabad

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation Modeling ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Adult Population ◽

Protection Motivation Theory ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Protection Motivation ◽

Motivation Theory ◽

Perceived Severity ◽

Response Efficacy

Abstract Background Many efforts are being made around the world to discover the vaccine against COVID-19. After discovering the vaccine, its acceptance by individuals is a fundamental issue for disease control. This study aimed to examine COVID-19 vaccination intention determinants based on the protection motivation theory (PMT). Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in the Iranian adult population and surveyed 256 study participants from the first to the 30th of June 2020 with a web-based self-administered questionnaire. We used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to investigate the interrelationship between COVID-19 vaccination intention and perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived self-efficacy, and perceived response efficacy. Results SEM showed that perceived severity to COVID-19 (β = .17, p < .001), perceived self-efficacy about receiving the COVID-19 vaccine (β = .26, p < .001), and the perceived response efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine (β = .70, p < .001) were significant predictors of vaccination intention. PMT accounted for 61.5% of the variance in intention to COVID-19 vaccination, and perceived response efficacy was the strongest predictor of COVID-19 vaccination intention. Conclusions This study found the PMT constructs are useful in predicting COVID-19 vaccination intention. Programs designed to increase the vaccination rate after discovering the COVID-19 vaccine can include interventions on the severity of the COVID-19, the self-efficacy of individuals receiving the vaccine, and the effectiveness of the vaccine in preventing infection.

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The Protection motivation theory for predict intention of COVID-19 vaccination in Iran: A structural equation modeling approach

10.21203/rs.3.rs-239756/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam ◽

Maryam Seraji ◽

Zahra Sharafi ◽

Mahdi Mohammadi ◽

Hassan Okati-Aliabad

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation Modeling ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Adult Population ◽

Protection Motivation Theory ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Protection Motivation ◽

Motivation Theory ◽

Perceived Severity ◽

Response Efficacy

Abstract BackgroundMany efforts are being made around the world to discover the vaccine against COVID-19. After discovering the vaccine, its acceptance by individuals is a fundamental issue for disease control. This study aimed to examine COVID-19 vaccination intention determinants based on the protection motivation theory (PMT). Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in the Iranian adult population and surveyed study participants from the first to the 30th of June 2020 with a web-based self-administered questionnaire. We used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to investigate the interrelationship between COVID-19 vaccination intention and perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived self-efficacy, and perceived response efficacy. Results SEM showed that perceived severity to COVID-19 (β=.17, p < .001), perceived self-efficacy about receiving the COVID-19 vaccine (β=.26, p < .001), and the perceived response efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine (β=.70, p < .001) were significant predictors of vaccination intention. PMT accounted for 61.5% of the variance in intention to COVID-19 vaccination, and response efficacy was the strongest predictor of COVID-19 vaccination intention. ConclusionsThis study found the PMT constructs are useful in predicting COVID-19 vaccination intention. Programs designed to increase the vaccination rate after discovering the COVID-19 vaccine can include interventions on the severity of the COVID-19, the self-efficacy of individuals receiving the vaccine, and the effectiveness of the vaccine in preventing infection.

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COVID-19 Preventive Behaviors in Pre-hospital Emergency Personnel: Application of Protection Motivation Theory

10.21203/rs.3.rs-729505/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ali Khani Jeihooni ◽

Zeinab Esmaeilifar ◽

Ziad Badehian ◽

Ali Asghar Khaleghi ◽

arash ziapour ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Behavioral Intention ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Protection Motivation Theory ◽

Protection Motivation ◽

Fars Province ◽

Motivation Theory ◽

Response Cost ◽

Preventive Behaviors ◽

Hospital Emergency ◽

Emergency Personnel

Abstract Background: Pre-hospital emergency personnel plays a critical role in providing communities with essential medical care during the corona pandemic. Emergency medical services (EMS) are at the forefront of the health care system, and they are the first treatment group associated with COVID-19 patients to transfer suspected and known COVID-19 patients to medical centers. This study aims to investigate the factors affecting COVID-19 preventive behaviors in pre-hospital emergency personnel in Fars province, Iran based on protection motivation theory.Methods: This cross-sectional, web-based survey was conducted on 650 pre-hospital emergency personnel in Fars province in 2020. Data were collected by a questionnaire consisting of demographic information, protection motivation theory, and COVID-19 preventive behaviors.Results: 650 employees of Fars pre-hospital emergency and emergency bases participated in the study. The average age of participants in the study 45.14±10.37 years. There was a positive and significant correlation between preventive behaviors and constructs of the PMT model, including perceived susceptibility, severity, response efficacy, self-efficacy, response cost, and protection motivation. The response cost and protection motivation (behavioral intention) had the lowest and highest percentage of the mean from the maximum obtainable score among structures of the model, respectively. Perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, self-efficacy, and protection motivation (behavioral intention) are the strongest predictor of behavior. The variables predicted 61.3% of the variance of coronavirus preventive behaviors.Conclusion: The results of this study confirm the role of protection motivation theory in adopting preventive behavior of pre-hospital emergency personnel, it is suggested that interventional training be held with this theory, and facilitating protective behaviors as a principle in education should be considered.

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Predictors of Staying at Home during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Social Lockdown based on Protection Motivation Theory: A Cross-sectional Study in Japan

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare8040475 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 475

Author(s):

Tsuyoshi Okuhara ◽

Hiroko Okada ◽

Takahiro Kiuchi

Keyword(s):

Self Efficacy ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Protection Motivation Theory ◽

Protection Motivation ◽

Motivation Theory ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Perceived Severity ◽

Response Efficacy ◽

Staying At Home ◽

At Home

During the COVID-19 pandemic, a social lockdown should be put in place and individuals should stay at home. Behavioral change is the only way to prevent the pandemic and overwhelmed healthcare systems until vaccines are available. We aimed to examine the psychological factors that predict staying at home during the COVID-19 pandemic and social lockdown. A total of 1980 participants in Japan completed a survey for this study from May 9 to 11, 2020, when the state of emergency covered all prefectures in the country. Self-reported behavior in terms of staying at home, the perceived severity of the pandemic, vulnerability to the pandemic, response efficacy, and self-efficacy based on protection motivation theory were assessed. Multiple regression analysis showed that perceived severity (standardized β = 0.11, p < 0.001) and self-efficacy (standardized β = 0.32, p < 0.001) significantly predicted greater levels of staying at home, after controlling for socio-demographics. However, perceived vulnerability and response efficacy did not. To encourage people to stay at home during the pandemic and social lockdown, increasing the perceived severity of infection by COVID-19 and self-efficacy in terms of exercising restraint with respect to going out may consequently encourage people to stay at home.

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Fashion Consumers’ Channel Switching Behavior During the COVID-19: Protection Motivation Theory in the Extended Planned Behavior Framework

Clothing and Textiles Research Journal ◽

10.1177/0887302x20986521 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0887302X2098652

Author(s):

Song-yi Youn ◽

Jung Eun Lee ◽

Jung Ha-Brookshire

Keyword(s):

Planned Behavior ◽

Subjective Norm ◽

Protection Motivation Theory ◽

Switching Behavior ◽

Behavior Control ◽

Channel Switching ◽

Perceived Severity ◽

Response Efficacy ◽

Perceived Behavior Control ◽

Perceived Behavior

The purpose of this study is to understand fashion consumers’ channel switching to online stores during the COVID-19. We proposed an extended theory of planned behavior by incorporating protection motivation theory. The results showed that consumer assessments of perceived severity and altruistic fear of COVID-19 and response efficacy and self-efficacy of channel switching increased their beliefs (i.e., attitude, perceived behavior control, subjective norm) and intentions to switch shopping channels to online. We also found that the age (young vs. old) moderated the effects of response efficacy and self-efficacy on perceived behavior control, perceived severity on subjective norm, perceived behavior control on channel switching intentions, and channel switching intention on actual switching behavior. The findings provide fashion retailers and the society with a better understanding about fashion consumers’ shopping channel switching under the pandemic.

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Examining Protection Motivation and Network Externality Perspective Regarding the Continued Intention to Use M-Health Apps

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18115684 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 5684

Author(s):

Yumei Luo ◽

Guiping Wang ◽

Yuwei Li ◽

Qiongwei Ye

Keyword(s):

Self Efficacy ◽

Network Externalities ◽

Network Externality ◽

Intention To Use ◽

Protection Motivation ◽

Direct Impact ◽

Perceived Vulnerability ◽

Response Efficacy ◽

Health Apps ◽

Direct Network

M-health apps have developed rapidly and are widely accepted, but users’ continued intention to use m-health apps has not been fully explored. This study was designed to obtain a better understanding of users’ continued intention to use m-health apps. We developed a theoretical model by incorporating the protection motivation theory and network externalities and conducted an empirical study of a 368-respondent sample. The results showed that: (1) perceived vulnerability has a direct impact on users’ self-efficacy and response efficacy; (2) self-efficacy and response efficacy have a direct impact on users’ attitudes and continued intention; (3) network externalities affect users’ attitudes and continued intention, among which direct network externalities have an indirect impact on users’ continued intention through attitude; and (4) the impacts of self-efficacy, response efficacy, and indirect network externalities on continued intention are partially meditated by attitudes.

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Determinants of adherence to COVID-19 measures among the Belgian population: an application of the protection motivation theory

Archives of Public Health ◽

10.1186/s13690-021-00565-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 79 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Joris Adriaan Frank van Loenhout ◽

Kirsten Vanderplanken ◽

Bénédicte Scheen ◽

Stephan Van den Broucke ◽

Isabelle Aujoulat

Keyword(s):

Self Efficacy ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Protection Motivation Theory ◽

Perceived Usefulness ◽

Control Measures ◽

Infection Prevention And Control ◽

Protection Motivation ◽

Motivation Theory ◽

Response Efficacy ◽

Belgian Population

Abstract Background Since the start of the COVID-19 outbreak, the Belgian government has implemented various infection prevention and control measures. This study assessed the extent to which the general population in Belgium adhered to these measures, and which determinants were associated with adherence. Methods We undertook an internet survey among a sample of the Belgian population, representative for sex, age, socio-economic status and province. The questionnaire included various demographic, socio-economic and health-related questions, and also drew upon the Protection Motivation Theory as a theoretical framework to measure levels of perceived severity, vulnerability, perceived usefulness of the measures (response efficacy), perceived personal capacity to adhere (self-efficacy), and past and future adherence. Data were collected in Dutch and French, the main languages of Belgium. Results Our study was carried out in September 2020, and the number of respondents was 2008. On average, respondents provided high scores for each of the measures in place in September in terms of response efficacy (range of 3.54–4.32 on 1 to 5 Likert-scale), self-efficacy (range of 3.00–4.00), past adherence (4.00–4.68) and future adherence (3.99–4.61). The measure that overall received the highest scores was wearing a face mask in public spaces, while ‘the social bubble of 5’ generally received the lowest scores. There was a statistically significant relationship between response efficacy and self-efficacy on the one hand and (past and future) adherence on the other hand, in a multivariate model corrected for confounders. Vulnerability and severity did not show statistical significance. Conclusion Risk communication regarding COVID-19 should place a stronger emphasis on helping people understand why implemented measures are useful and how they can be put into practice, more than on increasing fear appeals.

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