scholarly journals Coating with Hypertonic Saline Improves Virus Protection of Filtering Facepiece Manyfold—Benefit of Salt Impregnation in Times of Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7406
Author(s):  
Franz Tatzber ◽  
Willibald Wonisch ◽  
Gyula Balka ◽  
Andras Marosi ◽  
Miklós Rusvai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Surgical Masks ◽  
Transmissible Gastroenteritis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline ◽  
Tissue Culture Infectious Dose

Recently, as is evident with the COVID-19 pandemic, virus-containing aerosols can rapidly spread worldwide. As a consequence, filtering facepieces (FFP) are essential tools to protect against airborne viral particles. Incorrect donning and doffing of masks and a lack of hand-hygiene cause contagion by the wearers’ own hands. This study aimed to prove that hypertonic saline effectively reduces the infectious viral load on treated masks. Therefore, a hypertonic salt solution´s protective effect on surgical masks was investigated, specifically analyzing the infectivity of aerosolized Alphacoronavirus 1 in pigs (Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV)). Uncoated and hypertonic salt pre-coated FFPs were sprayed with TGEV. After drying, a defined part of the mask was rinsed with the medium, and the eluent was used for the infection of a porcine testicular cell line. Additionally, airborne microorganisms´ long-term infectivity of sodium-chloride in phosphate-buffered saline comprising 5% saccharose was investigated. In the results from an initial Median Tissue Culture Infectious Dose, infection rate of TGEV was minimally reduced by untreated FFP. In contrast, this could be reduced by a factor of 104 if FFPs were treated with hypertonic salt solutions. Airborne pathogens did not contaminate the growth medium if salt concentrations exceeded 5%. We conclude that hypertonic saline is a vital tool for anti-virus protection, exponentially improving the impact of FFPs.

scholarly journals The effect of vitamin and mineral supplements on the replication of coronaviruses in the SPEV cell culture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.N. Laskavyy ◽  
T.I. Polyanina ◽  
V.V. Laskavaya ◽  
V.T. Nochevny
Keyword(s):  
Reference Strain ◽  
Cytopathic Effect ◽  
Virus Titer ◽  
Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Mineral Supplements ◽  
Porcine Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Transmissible Gastroenteritis ◽  
Strain Virus

The article describes studies on the effect of vitamin and mineral supplements (VMS) on the replication of coronavirus in tissue culture. The cytopathic effect of the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (strain TO36SD192 (Japan) and the vaccine strain "RIMS" was studied on the SPEV cell line in the presence of mineral and vitamin supplements (VMS) with an increased content of vitamins A and D. The results of the study showed that the introduction of vitamin and mineral supplements into the growth medium provides an increase in the yield of the RIMS virus by 16.7 - 23%. Interestingly, at the minimum infectious dose, the presence or absence of VMS does not in any way affect the titer of the virus of the reference strain of the coronavirus TO36SD192. However, an increase in the infectious dose by only one order of magnitude (1000 TDC50 / ml) stimulates an increase in the virus titer by 22.5% in the presence of VMS. With the addition of VMS, the RIMS strain reproduced more actively and the virus titer in the experiment with the addition of VMS was 30% higher than in the control (without VMS). A further increase in the infectious dose showed a significant increase in the virus titer from 13.4% to 6.25%. It should be noted that the TO36SD192 virus, well adapted to the SPEV culture, can be compared with viruses that cause seasonal ARVI in humans, which are also well adapted in the human body, and the use of VMS during the peak of the epidemic can stimulate viral replication. Since the RIMS strain virus is poorly adapted to the SPEV culture, its action can be compared with a virus that has entered the human population, for example, SARS-CoV-2. This means that taking vitamins at any infectious dose (during an epidemic) will stimulate the disease.

scholarly journals Acoustical Slot Mode Sensor for the Rapid Coronaviruses Detection

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Guliy ◽  
Boris Zaitsev ◽  
Andrey Teplykh ◽  
Sergey Balashov ◽  
Alexander Fomin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Delay Line ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus ◽  
Acoustic Sensor ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Transmissible Gastroenteritis

A method for the rapid detection of coronaviruses is presented on the example of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) directly in aqueous solutions with different conductivity. An acoustic sensor based on a slot wave in an acoustic delay line was used for the research. The addition of anti-TGEV antibodies (Abs) diluted in an aqueous solution led to a change in the depth and frequency of resonant peaks on the frequency dependence of the insertion loss of the sensor. The difference in the output parameters of the sensor before and after the biological interaction of the TGE virus in solutions with the specific antibodies allows drawing a conclusion about the presence/absence of the studied viruses in the analyzed solution. The possibility for virus detection in aqueous solutions with the conductivity of 1.9–900 μs/cm, as well as in the presence of the foreign viral particles, has been demonstrated. The analysis time did not exceed 10 min.

scholarly journals Two Types of Virus-Related Particles Are Found during Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus Morphogenesis

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 4022-4031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Risco ◽  
María Muntión ◽  
Luis Enjuanes ◽  
José L. Carrascosa
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Complex ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Brefeldin A ◽  
Freeze Substitution ◽  
Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus ◽  
Secretory Vesicles ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Transmissible Gastroenteritis

ABSTRACT The intracellular assembly of the transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) was studied in infected swine testis (ST) cells at different postinfection times by using ultrathin sections of conventionally embedded infected cells, freeze-substitution, and methods for detecting viral proteins and RNA at the electron microscopy level. This ultrastructural analysis was focused on the identification of the different viral components that assemble in infected cells, in particular the spherical, potentially icosahedral internal core, a new structural element of the extracellular infectious coronavirus recently characterized by our group. Typical budding profiles and two types of virion-related particles were detected in TGEV-infected cells. While large virions with an electron-dense internal periphery and a clear central area are abundant at perinuclear regions, smaller viral particles, with the characteristic morphology of extracellular virions (exhibiting compact internal cores with polygonal contours) accumulate inside secretory vesicles that reach the plasma membrane. The two types of virions coexist in the Golgi complex of infected ST cells. In nocodazole-treated infected cells, the two types of virions coexist in altered Golgi stacks, while the large secretory vesicles filled with virions found in normal infections are not detected in this case. Treatment of infected cells with the Golgi complex-disrupting agent brefeldin A induced the accumulation of large virions in the cisternae that form by fusion of different membranous compartments. These data, together with the distribution of both types of virions in different cellular compartments, strongly suggest that the large virions are the precursors of the small viral particles and that their transport through a functional Golgi complex is necessary for viral maturation.

Suppressed, but Not Forgotten

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beat Meier ◽  
Anja König ◽  
Samuel Parak ◽  
Katharina Henke
Keyword(s):  
Memory Trace ◽  
Thought Suppression ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Indirect Test ◽  
Final Test ◽  
Test Experiment ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cue Words ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the impact of thought suppression over a 1-week interval. In two experiments with 80 university students each, we used the think/no-think paradigm in which participants initially learn a list of word pairs (cue-target associations). Then they were presented with some of the cue words again and should either respond with the target word or avoid thinking about it. In the final test phase, their memory for the initially learned cue-target pairs was tested. In Experiment 1, type of memory test was manipulated (i.e., direct vs. indirect). In Experiment 2, type of no-think instructions was manipulated (i.e., suppress vs. substitute). Overall, our results showed poorer memory for no-think and control items compared to think items across all experiments and conditions. Critically, however, more no-think than control items were remembered after the 1-week interval in the direct, but not in the indirect test (Experiment 1) and with thought suppression, but not thought substitution instructions (Experiment 2). We suggest that during thought suppression a brief reactivation of the learned association may lead to reconsolidation of the memory trace and hence to better retrieval of suppressed than control items in the long term.

Examining the Impact of the Disabled Youth Peer Development Initiative: What are the Long-Term Outcomes?

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Garate-Serafini ◽  
Jose Mendez ◽  
Patty Arriaga ◽  
Larry Labiak ◽  
Carol Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
The Impact

The Impact of Different Treatments on Long-Term Symptoms in Vestibular Schwannoma

2014 ◽  
Vol 75 (S 02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten Lund-Johansen ◽  
Øystein Tveiten ◽  
Monica Finnkirk ◽  
Erling Myrseth ◽  
Frederik Goplen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vestibular Schwannoma ◽  
The Impact

The influence of inflation targeting on the pass-through effect of the exchange rate

2018 ◽  
pp. 70-84
Author(s):  
Ph. S. Kartaev ◽  
Yu. I. Yakimova
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Inflation Targeting ◽  
Policy Regime ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Exchange Rate ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Impact

The paper studies the impact of the transition to the inflation targeting regime on the magnitude of the pass-through effect of the exchange rate to prices. We analyze cross-country panel data on developed and developing countries. It is shown that the transition to this regime of monetary policy contributes to a significant reduction in both the short- and long-term pass-through effects. This decline is stronger in developing countries. We identify the main channels that ensure the influence of the monetary policy regime on the pass-through effect, and examine their performance. In addition, we analyze the data of time series for Russia. It was concluded that even there the transition to inflation targeting led to a decrease in the dependence of the level of inflation on fluctuations in the ruble exchange rate.

Secular stagnation in the modern world

2018 ◽  
pp. 125-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Drobyshevsky ◽  
P. V. Trunin ◽  
A. V. Bozhechkova
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Japanese Economy ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Destruction Process ◽  
Secular Stagnation ◽  
The Impact

The paper studies the factors of secular stagnation. Key factors of long-term slowdown in economic growth include the slowdown of technological development, aging population, human capital accumulation limits, high public debt, creative destruction process violation etc. The authors analyze key theoretical aspects of long-term stagnation and study the impact of these factors on Japanies economy. The authors conclude that most of the factors have significant influence on the Japanese economy for recent decades, but they cannot explain all dynamics. For Russia, on the contrary, we do not see any grounds for considering the decline in the economy since 2013 as an episode of secular stagnation.

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