scholarly journals Simple Disposable Odor Identification Tests for Predicting SARS-CoV-2 Positivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10185
Author(s):  
Laura Ziuzia-Januszewska ◽  
Paweł Dobrzyński ◽  
Krzysztof Ślączka ◽  
Jaromir Ciszek ◽  
Łukasz Krawiec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Odor Identification ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Reliable Test ◽  
Olfactory Testing ◽  
Identification Test ◽  
Auc Value ◽  
Screening Survey ◽  
Common Manifestation

Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a common manifestation of COVID-19 and may be useful for screening. Survey-based olfactory evaluation tends to underestimate the prevalence of OD, while psychophysical olfactory testing during a pandemic has the disadvantage of being time consuming, expensive, and requiring standardized laboratory settings. We aimed to develop a quick, simple, affordable, and reliable test to objectively assess the prevalence and diagnostic accuracy of OD in COVID-19. The olfactory function of 64 COVID-19 inpatients and 34 controls was evaluated using a questionnaire and a simple disposable odor identification test (SDOIT) developed for this study. Four SDOIT models were assessed: 10-SDOIT, 9-SDOIT, 8-SDOIT, and 4-SDOIT, with 10, 9, 8 and 4 samples, respectively. We found a high frequency of self-reported OD in COVID-19 patients, with 32.8% and 42.2% reporting current and recent OD, respectively. Different SDOIT models revealed smell impairment in 54.7–64.1% of COVID-19 patients. The combination of either 10-SDOIT results and self-reported OD, or 8-SDOIT results and self-reported OD, were the best predictors of COVID-19, both with an AUC value of 0.87 (0.85 and 0.86 for the age-matched subjects). OD is a common symptom of COVID-19. A combination of self-reported smell deterioration and OD psychophysically evaluated using SDOIT appears to be a good predictor of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Development of the Lithuanian Version of Sniffin’ Sticks 12 Odor Identification Test

Medicina ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolita Čičelienė ◽  
Žygimantas Vaičys ◽  
Daiva Rastenytė
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Group Testing ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Odor Identification ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Olfactory Testing ◽  
Identification Test

Background: Evaluation of smell function is essential especially in cases of gradual deterioration, e.g., in neurodegenerative diseases, where rates of unawareness of the disorder are high and the importance of screening for olfactory dysfunction is increasing. To date, none of the tests for evaluation of olfactory dysfunction has been validated in Lithuania. The aim of the study was to develop a Lithuanian version of Sniffin’ Sticks 12 (SS12) odor identification test. Materials and Methods: The study was performed in 4 stages. The first stage included translation and back-translation from German, pilot group testing and language adaptation of the original SS12 test. In the second stage a survey group of 99 subjects was questioned for familiarity with the descriptors, used in the original version of the test. In the third stage after replacement of the least familiar distracters, a modified version of SS12 was created. Original and modified versions of SS12 were tested on 112 and 119 healthy subjects accordingly. The fourth stage of the study proved necessary as neither of the two SS12 versions turned out to be valid. After another round of replacement of the misleading distracters the second modified version of SS12 was created and it was tested on 115 healthy subjects. Results: Unsatisfactory correct identification rates of less than 75 percent in the same one item (lemon) were observed using both original and modified SS12 versions. With the second modification of distracters of SS12, identification of lemon increased significantly and overcame 75 percent. The decrease of SS12 scores in relation to age was ascertained in the study sample. Gender and smoking status did not prove to be independent predictors of SS12 scores in multiple linear regression analysis. Conclusion: The study presents an olfactory testing tool, which is adapted and modified culturally for use in the Lithuanian population.

scholarly journals Cultural Adaptation and Validity of the Sniffin’ Sticks Psychophysical Test for the UK Setting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorna Langstaff ◽  
Allan Clark ◽  
Mahmoud Salam ◽  
Carl M. Philpott
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Olfactory Testing ◽  
Identification Score ◽  
Identification Test ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Tdi Score

Abstract Introduction Olfactory testing must be culturally adapted to be relevant to the target population. This study aimed to validate the Sniffin’ Sticks test for the UK setting. Methods A cohort study was conducted at a tertiary olfactory dysfunction clinic. Phase 1—healthy volunteers underwent the original German identification test followed by a UK adapted version. Phase 2—patients with olfactory dysfunction underwent the extended smell test (TDI) including the new descriptors. Outcome measures included differences in identification test (phase 1), retest reliability and differences in scores before and after treatment. Results A total of 31 healthy volunteers and 87 patients were recruited (6 and 31 males, respectively). Phase 1—mean identification scores showed a small improvement after descriptor adaptations (13.77 and 14.57, p = 0.0029). Phase 2—41 untreated participants had a mean identification score of 7.31 at both intervals (95% CI: − 1.15 to 1.15, p > 0.999). The mean change in treated participants was 1.88 (0.70 to 3.06, p = 0.0224). TDI score difference between treated and untreated groups was 6.63 (2.48 to 10.79, p = 0.0023). The intraclass correlation coefficient for untreated patients was high for both TDI score (ICC = 0.82, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.93) and identification score (ICC = 0.80, 0.52 to 0.93); CIs suggest the reliability is moderate to excellent. Conclusions This study confirms the validity of the descriptor adaptations of the identification component of the Sniffin’ Sticks test to distinguish between health and disease. Implications The Sniffin’ Sticks test can now reliably be used for clinical assessment of British patients, modifying only the descriptors.

scholarly journals Olfactory dysfunction in patients with primary progressive MS

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. e369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix A. Schmidt ◽  
Matthew B. Maas ◽  
Rohat Geran ◽  
Charlotte Schmidt ◽  
Hagen Kunte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Duration ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Odor Discrimination ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Odor Identification ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Primary Progressive ◽  
Olfactory Testing ◽  
Disability Status ◽  
Tdi Score

Objective:We tested the hypothesis that olfactory function is more impaired in patients with primary progressive MS (PPMS) than that in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS).Methods:Standardized olfactory testing was performed in 32 patients with PPMS, 32 patients with RRMS, and 32 healthy controls (HCs). Patients with olfactory dysfunction due to an alternative primary etiology were excluded. The validated olfactory testing method yielded individual scores for olfactory threshold, odor discrimination, and odor identification, along with a composite Threshold Discrimination Identification (TDI) score.Results:Olfactory dysfunction was identified in 27 (84%) patients with PPMS, 10 (31%) patients with RRMS, and 1 (3%) HC. While age and sex were similar between PPMS and HCs, the TDI score and all olfactory subscores were significantly worse in patients with PPMS compared with HCs (all p < 0.001). After adjustment for differences in age, sex, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and disease duration, odor discrimination, odor identification, and the composite TDI score were worse in patients with PPMS vs RRMS (p = 0.03, 0.04, and 0.02, respectively). Neither age, sex, EDSS, nor disease duration was significantly associated with the composite TDI score.Conclusions:Olfactory dysfunction was more frequent and severe in PPMS compared with RRMS, independent of disease duration and overall disability status. Further research on cellular level differences in olfactory neural pathways may lead to new insights about disease pathogenesis in MS.

scholarly journals Postinfectious Olfactory Dysfunction: Oral Steroids and Olfactory Training versus Olfactory Training Alone: Is There any Benefit from Steroids?

ORL ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Sotiria Genetzaki ◽  
Evangelia Tsakiropoulou ◽  
Vasilios Nikolaidis ◽  
Konstantinos Markou ◽  
Iordanis Konstantinidis
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Line Treatment ◽  
First Line ◽  
Olfactory Testing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Oral Steroids ◽  
Group A ◽  
Olfactory Training ◽  
First Line Treatment

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> There are limited treatment options for postinfectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD). Olfactory training has recently been used in clinical practice, but no medical treatment is widely accepted. Although there is weak evidence for their value, some physicians use oral corticosteroids as first-line treatment. The aim of this study was to compare combined oral methylprednisolone and olfactory training with olfactory training alone in the management of PIOD. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This prospective cohort study included 131 patients with PIOD over a 2-year period before the COVID-19 pandemic. Seventy-eight patients who were treated with oral methylprednisolone and olfactory training (group A) were compared with 53 patients who were treated with olfactory training only (group B). Olfactory function was evaluated with “Sniffin’ Sticks” at baseline and 2, 8, and 16 weeks after initial assessment. Patients who improved after steroid treatment underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the paranasal sinuses, skin prick tests, lung spirometry, and sputum eosinophil assessment. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Oral steroids improved 19.23% of patients (<i>n</i> = 15) of group A. History, clinical evaluation, imaging, and laboratory tests identified an inflammatory background in half of them (<i>n</i> = 8). The remaining 7 had no findings of nasal inflammation, and all had a short history of olfactory dysfunction. Both groups significantly improved in olfactory testing results at the end of the olfactory training scheme without significant difference between them. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The percentage of improved patients after oral methylprednisolone was relatively low to suggest it as first-line treatment. Half of the improved patients had an underlying upper airway inflammatory condition not related to the infection that caused the acute loss of olfactory function.

scholarly journals Acute systemic experimental inflammation does not reduce human odor identification performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Tognetti ◽  
G Sarolidou ◽  
J Lasselin ◽  
M Lekander ◽  
M J Olsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Placebo Treatment ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Identification Performance ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Olfactory Identification ◽  
Factor Α

Abstract Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom of various diseases but the underlying pathophysiology has not been fully understood. Evidence from both animal and human studies suggests that local inflammation of the olfactory epithelium is linked to olfactory dysfunction. However, whether systemic inflammation causes olfactory dysfunction is yet to be determined. In the present behavioral study, we set out to test whether acute systemic inflammation impairs olfactory identification performance by inducing a transient and controlled state of systemic inflammation using an experimental endotoxemia model. We treated young, otherwise healthy, participants (N=20) with a relatively high dose (2.0 ng/kg) of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a placebo treatment in a double-blind within-subject design, and assessed participants’ ability to identify odors using the MONEX-40, a reliable method for experimental assessment of odor ID ability in healthy and young individuals. Our results show that olfactory identification performance was not affected by the acute systemic inflammation triggered by the injection of LPS. Moreover, no associations were found between the change of olfactory performance followed by LPS injection and levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α). Because experimental LPS-induced systemic inflammation does not affect olfactory identification performance, our findings suggest that chronic, rather than transient, systemic inflammation is a more likely mechanism to explore in order to explain the olfactory deficits observed in inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals Association of Olfactory and Pulmonary Function in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1535
Author(s):  
Ji-Sun Kim ◽  
Jun-Ook Park ◽  
Dong-Hyun Lee ◽  
Ki-Hong Chang ◽  
Byung Guk Kim
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
National Health ◽  
Pulmonary Function Tests ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Nutrition Examination Survey ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Olfactory Testing

Objectives: To identify the relationship between pulmonary function and subjective olfactory dysfunction in middle-aged and older adults. Materials and Methods: We used Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2010 to 2012 to analyze 6191 participants in their 50s or older. Results: The frequency of olfactory dysfunction was 6.8% among the subjects with normal pulmonary function tests, but was significantly more frequent in those diagnosed with restrictive (9.6%) or obstructive (10.1%) pulmonary function. Forced volume vital capacity, forced expiratory volume (FEV)1, FEV6, and peak expiratory flow were significantly lower in the olfactory dysfunction group. The risk of olfactory dysfunction was significantly associated with obstructive pulmonary function (odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 1.449 [1.010–2.081]) after adjusting for confounders (sex, rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, hypertension, dyslipidemia, education level, stress, depressed mood, and suicidal ideation). Conclusion: Middle-aged and older adults with obstructive pulmonary function had a higher incidence of subjective olfactory dysfunction than the normal pulmonary function group. Early olfactory testing may improve the quality of life of patients with obstructive pulmonary function.

scholarly journals Testing olfactory dysfunction in acute and recovered COVID-19 patients: a single center study in Italy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacopo Pasquini ◽  
Carlo Maremmani ◽  
Stefano Salvadori ◽  
Vincenzo Silani ◽  
Nicola Ticozzi
Keyword(s):  
Acute Illness ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Olfactory Loss ◽  
Olfactory Test ◽  
Psychophysical Testing ◽  
Positive Antibody ◽  
Olfactory Testing ◽  
High Level ◽  
Acute Patients

Abstract Background Olfactory dysfunction in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is common during acute illness and appears to last longer than other symptoms. The aim of this study was to objectively investigate olfactory dysfunction in two cohorts of patients at two different stages: during acute illness and after a median recovery of 4 months. Methods Twenty-five acutely ill patients and 26 recovered subjects were investigated. Acute patients had a molecular diagnosis of COVID-19; recovered subjects had a positive antibody assay and a negative molecular test. A 33-item psychophysical olfactory identification test tailored for the Italian population was performed. Results Median time from symptoms onset to olfactory test was 33 days in acute patients and 122 days in recovered subjects. The former scored a significantly higher number of errors at psychophysical testing (median [IQR]: 8 [13] vs 3 [2], p < 0.001) and were more frequently hyposmic (64% vs 19%, p = 0.002). Recovered subjects reported a variable time to subjective olfactory recovery, from days up to 4 months. Participants included in the study reported no significant nasal symptoms at olfactory testing. Among recovered subject who reported olfactory loss during acute COVID-19, four (27%) were still hyposmic. Demographic and clinical characteristics did not show significant associations with olfactory dysfunction. Conclusion Moderate-to-severe hospitalized patients showed a high level and frequency of olfactory dysfunction compared to recovered subjects. In the latter group, subjects who reported persisting olfactory dysfunction showed abnormal scores on psychophysical testing, indicating that, at least in some subjects, persistent hyposmia may represent a long-term sequela of COVID-19.

scholarly journals A Card-type Odor Identification Test for Japanese Patients with Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (21) ◽  
pp. 2871-2878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Watanabe ◽  
Keisuke Suzuki ◽  
Tomoyuki Miyamoto ◽  
Masayuki Miyamoto ◽  
Ayaka Numao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Japanese Patients ◽  
Odor Identification ◽  
Identification Test

Change of olfactory function as a marker of inflammatory activity and disability progression in MS

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Bsteh ◽  
Harald Hegen ◽  
Felix Ladstätter ◽  
Klaus Berek ◽  
Matthias Amprosi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Model ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Odor Identification ◽  
Olfactory Threshold ◽  
Disability Progression ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Risk Of Relapse

Background: Impaired olfactory threshold has been reported in early inflammatory phases of MS, while impaired odor identification was associated with more widespread disability. Objective: To prospectively assess the development of olfactory function and its correlation with relapse and disability progression. Methods: In this prospective, 3-year longitudinal study on 151 MS patients and 30 healthy controls, three different qualities of olfactory function (threshold, discrimination, and identification) were quantified using the Sniffin’ Sticks test. The influence of relapses and disability on olfactory function was analyzed at different time points and in a multivariate model. Results: Discrimination and identification capability significantly worsened over 3 years, while threshold did not. Threshold was markedly impaired in patients with relapse activity within 12 months, recovered in the absence of relapse, and was associated with a 2.5-fold increased risk of relapse. Deterioration of discrimination and identification was irreversible and both strongly associated with and predictive of EDSS progression. Conclusion: Olfactory function changes over time in MS. Threshold impairment is transient and predicts inflammatory disease activity, while odor identification and discrimination are associated with disability progression. Olfactory dysfunction might be a useful and easily obtainable parameter to monitor patients with regard to inflammation and neurodegeneration in MS.

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