scholarly journals Inequality in the Face of Death: The Income Gradient in Mortality of the Spanish Pre-Recession Working-Age Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12379
Author(s):  
Pedro García-Castrillo ◽  
María A. González-Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Working Age ◽  
The Face ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
The Military

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and mortality over a three-year period for working-age Spaniards (2007–2009), paying particular attention to the effect of income level. The analysis is relatively new in Spain, and the studies are limited. Neither income nor wealth are included in existing Spanish mortality studies. The main reason for this limitation is the nature of the data sets used, mainly Census Records. We overcome this problem by using data on 693,994 individuals taken from a Social Security sampling and used to estimate the probabilities of death for each income decile and the mortality rate ratios in three different models: (1) using only income, controlled by age and sex, (2) adding socio-economic and geographical variables, and (3) adding level of education. However, the data used here also have some limitations. They do not include government employees, the military or the Department of Justice personnel, whose exclusion we believe causes an under-representation of highly educated people in our sample. The results confirm that there is a non-linear relationship between mortality and income. This non-linear relationship implies that income redistribution resulting from progressive taxation systems could lead to higher reductions in mortality for low-income groups than the reductions induced in the mortality of the high-income population, thus reducing overall mortality.

scholarly journals Income Poverty, Deprivation and Exclusion: A Comparative Study of Australia and Britain

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER SAUNDERS ◽  
LAURA ADELMAN
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Poverty Measure ◽  
Lone Parents ◽  
Low Incomes ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Using Data

Poverty research has a long history in both Australia and Britain, but its influence on policy remains subject to political priorities and ideology. This can partly be explained by the limitations of defining poverty as low income and measuring it using an income poverty line. This article examines two national data sets that allow the income poverty profile to be compared with, and enriched by, the incidence of deprivation and social exclusion, measured using data that directly reflect experience. Although a degree of care must be applied when interpreting these new indicators within and between countries, a validated poverty measure is developed that reflects both low income and the experience of deprivation and exclusion. When results for the two countries are compared, they reveal stark differences between the alternative indicators. Britain has the higher income poverty rate and, although the incidence of both deprivation and exclusion are higher in Australia, Britain still has more validated poverty. The distributional profiles of deprivation and exclusion are shown to be very different in the two countries. These differences are explained by the very low incomes of low-income households in Britain, relative to other British households and relative to their Australian counterparts. Despite these differences, the results indicate that the same three groups face the greatest risk in both countries: lone parents, single working-age people and large (couple) families.

scholarly journals Willingness to pay and preference for imported rice brands in Nigeria: Do price–quality differentials explain consumers’ inertia?

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uchenna Obih ◽  
Lloyd S. Baiyegunhi
Keyword(s):  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Purchase Decisions ◽  
Purchasing Decisions ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Face ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Mind Set ◽  
Consumer's Perception

Background: Rice (Oryza sativa) is the most consumed staple food in Nigeria. Consumers have persistently preferred and are willing to pay higher prices for imported rice despite improvements in the quality attributes of local rice brands in the last 5 years. Nigeria’s import bill of over $6million daily on rice is not only a drain on the country’s Forex reserves, but a threat to the development of the domestic rice industry. Previous studies on rice consumers’ behaviours have not explained the underlying reason of how consumers with imported brands preference mind-set make purchasing decisions when faced with both local and imported rice brands with almost similar quality attributes but different market prices.Aim: When making purchase decisions, consumers consider product quality in comparison to its price. This study attempts to explain how the differences in prices and quality attributes of local and imported rice brands determine consumer’s inertia against preference for imported rice brands in Nigeria.Setting: This study was conducted in the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria using data sets collected from a survey of 460 rice consumer households.Methods: Data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered to the household heads during the face-to-face interview. Two separate binary logit regression models were estimated for households’ preference and WTP for imported rice.Results: The results show that price, household head’s age, household’s income and general perception are statistically significant variables explaining household’s preference and WTP for imported rice brands. Consumers’ inertia against preference and WTP for imported rice persists because of the negative price–quality differential gaps between local and imported rice brands.Conclusion: Rice consumers in Nigeria compare price and quality differentials before making a choice between local and imported rice brands. There is need for implementation of flexible and synergic import restriction and strategic marketing policies that sustain wide price differentials between local and imported rice brands, while improving the quality image of the local brands to narrow consumer’s perception of the quality differential between these two sets of brands.

scholarly journals Identifying socio-demographic risk factors for suicide using data on an individual level

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guus Berkelmans ◽  
Rob van der Mei ◽  
Sandjai Bhulai ◽  
Renske Gilissen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Aged People ◽  
Physical Health Problems ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Demographic Risk ◽  
Demographic Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factors For Suicide

Abstract Background Suicide is a complex issue. Due to the relative rarity of the event, studies into risk factors are regularly limited by sample size or biased samples. The aims of the study were to find risk factors for suicide that are robust to intercorrelation, and which were based on a large and unbiased sample. Methods Using a training set of 5854 suicides and 596,416 control cases, we fit a logistic regression model and then evaluate the performance on a test set of 1425 suicides and 594,893 control cases. The data used was micro-data of Statistics Netherlands (CBS) with data on each inhabitant of the Netherlands. Results Taking the effect of possible correlating risk factors into account, those with a higher risk for suicide are men, middle-aged people, people with low income, those living alone, the unemployed, and those with mental or physical health problems. People with a lower risk are the highly educated, those with a non-western immigration background, and those living with a partner. Conclusion We confirmed previously known risk factors such as male gender, middle-age, and low income and found that they are risk factors that are robust to intercorrelation. We found that debt and urbanicity were mostly insignificant and found that the regional differences found in raw frequencies are mostly explained away after correction of correlating risk factors, indicating that these differences were primarily caused due to the differences in the demographic makeup of the regions. We found an AUC of 0.77, which is high for a model predicting suicide death and comparable to the performance of deep learning models but with the benefit of remaining explainable.

A Non-Linear Relationship between Controller Workload and Traffic Count

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 1129-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul U. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Air Traffic Management ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Traffic Operations ◽  
Objective Metrics ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Perceived Workload ◽  
Using Data

Controller workload has been a focal topic in air traffic management research because it is considered a key limiting factor to capacity increase in air traffic operations. Because workload ratings are subjective and highly prone to individual differences, some researchers have tried to replace workload with more objective metrics, such as aircraft count. A significant caveat in substituting these metrics for workload ratings, however, is that their relationships are non-linear. For example, as the number of aircraft increases linearly, the controller's perceived workload jumps from low to high at a certain traffic threshold, resulting in a stepfunction increase in workload with respect to aircraft count, suggesting that controllers perceive workload categorically. The non-linear relationship between workload and aircraft count has been validated using data collected from a recent study on the En Route Free Maneuvering concept element (Lee, Prevot, Mercer, Smith, & Palmer, 2005). The results suggest that objective metrics, such as aircraft count, may not be used interchangeably with subjective workload. In addition, any estimation on workload should not be extrapolated from a set of workload measures taken from an experiment since the extrapolated workload is likely to significantly underestimate workload.

scholarly journals Symposium on Consumption Smoothing in Developing Countries

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Case
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Risk Sharing ◽  
Information Economics ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Consumption Smoothing ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Face

This symposium explores how households in low-income countries, even without access to formal credit and insurance markets, find ways to smooth consumption in the face of large shocks to their income. This general area of risk sharing and consumption smoothing has received a great deal of attention from development economists in the last five years. The papers highlight the extent to which theoretical work in mechanism design, contract theory, and information economics has informed recent work in development economics. These papers also underscore the ways large, detailed household level data sets have recently been applied in developing country research.

Physical Accessibility and Employment among Older Adults in California

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (12) ◽  
pp. 139-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn Blumenberg ◽  
Andrew Schouten ◽  
Miriam Pinski ◽  
Martin Wachs
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Urban Neighborhoods ◽  
Household Travel Survey ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Household Travel ◽  
Physical Accessibility

Older adults are delaying retirement and remaining in the paid workforce longer than in previous decades. There are many potential explanations for this trend. In this study, it is hypothesized that the ease or difficulty of traveling may significantly influence the labor force participation of older adults, just as it does for other working-age adults. As they age, older adults can face a number of barriers to mobility. The hypothesis is tested using data from the 2012 California Household Travel Survey (CHTS) and propensity score matching. The paper focuses on the effects of automobile ownership and transit access on the employment status of older adults (60+), controlling for a host of characteristics associated with the likelihood of employment. The analysis shows that transportation access has a substantial and positive association with employment for older adults, particularly older adults living in low-income households (those earning less than $35,000 per year). Access to jobs by public transit is especially influential among low-income older adults who live in households without automobiles. The findings underscore the importance of enhancing the transportation environment such that it allows older adults to travel regularly on their own by car or, in dense urban neighborhoods, by public transit. Limitations to this study suggest the need for additional quantitative analysis of longitudinal data as well as qualitative analysis of data from interviews and focus groups.

Resilient incumbents: Ethnic minority political parties and voter accountability

2019 ◽  
pp. 135406881988112
Author(s):  
Katharine Aha
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Party Competition ◽  
Coalition Building ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
East Central Europe ◽  
The Face ◽  
Using Data

Are ethnic minority parties held accountable by voters for their participation in governing coalitions in the same way as parties drawing votes from the ethnic majority? Scholars have shown that incumbents in postcommunist East Central Europe are routinely punished in elections, particularly in the face of poor economic performance. However, it remains to be seen if ethnic minority political parties are similarly punished by voters when they join coalitions. I argue that ethnic minority parties are less likely to be punished than their fellow coalition members for poor economic performance, enjoying the benefits of a “captive” electorate. Using data sets of electoral and economic data at the national and subnational levels in Bulgaria, Romania, and Slovakia, I find that ethnic minority parties, on average, gain votes after serving in government, while mainstream parties almost always lose. This finding holds when controlling for economic factors. Additionally, I show that while mainstream incumbents are punished or rewarded accordingly for changes in gross domestic product growth, ethnic minority parties do not see their vote share being impacted. Understanding the unique role of ethnic minority parties in party systems enhances our understanding of the dynamics of political representation, party competition, and coalition building in ethnically heterogeneous states.

Information and Liquidity in the Market for Foreign Currency Denominated Sovereign Bonds

FEDS Notes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2821) ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Miller ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Asymmetric Information ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
Information Model ◽  
Sovereign Bonds ◽  
Bond Yield ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Bond Liquidity ◽  
Using Data

This note finds a negative, non-linear relationship between bond yield and liquidity using data on Portuguese, Irish, Italian, Greek, and Spanish (PIIGS) sovereign bonds from 2010-2015. This relationship is predicted by the asymmetric information model of bond liquidity by Holmstrom (2015) and Gorton (2017).

scholarly journals The Non-Linear Relationship Between Fiscal Deficits And Inflation: Evidence From Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-112
Author(s):  
Nurudeen Abu ◽  
Mohd Zaini Abd Karim
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
High Inflation

AbstractAlthough, there is abundant research on the fiscal deficit-inflation relationship, little has been done to investigate the non-linear association between them, particularly in Africa. This study employs fixed-effects and GMM estimators to examine the non-linear relationship between deficits and inflation from 1999 to 2011 in 51 African economies, which are further grouped into high-inflation/low-income countries and moderate-inflation/middle-income countries. The results indicate that the deficit-inflation relationship is non-linear for the whole sample and sub-groups. For the whole sample, a percentage point increase in deficit results in a 0.25 percentage point increase in inflation rate, while the relationship becomes quantitatively greater once deficits reach 23% of GDP. The subsamples report different relationships. Although our results cannot be used as the base for generalization, we identify importance of grouping African countries according to their levels of inflation and/or income, rather than treating them as a homogeneous entity.

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