Oil Flow Analysis in the Maritime Silk Road Region Using AIS Data

Monitoring maritime oil flow is important for the security and stability of energy transportation, especially since the “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” (MSR) concept was proposed. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) provides public annual oil flow data of maritime oil chokepoints, which do not reflect subtle changes. Therefore, we used the automatic identification system (AIS) data from 2014 to 2016 and applied the proposed technical framework to four chokepoints (the straits of Malacca, Hormuz, Bab el-Mandeb, and the Cape of Good Hope) within the MSR region. The deviations and the statistical values of the annual oil flow from the results estimated by the AIS data and the EIA data, as well as the general direction of the oil flow, demonstrate the reliability of the proposed framework. Further, the monthly and seasonal cycles of the oil flows through the four chokepoints differ significantly in terms of the value and trend but generally show an upward trend. Besides, the first trough of the oil flow through the straits of Hormuz and Malacca corresponds with the military activities of the U.S. in 2014, while the second is owing to the outbreak of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in 2015.

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Traffic Inequality and Relations in Maritime Silk Road: A Network Flow Analysis

ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information ◽

10.3390/ijgi10010040 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 40

Author(s):

Naixia Mou ◽

Haonan Ren ◽

Yunhao Zheng ◽

Jinhai Chen ◽

Jiqiang Niu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Traffic Flow ◽

Network Flow ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Flow Analysis ◽

Silk Road ◽

Identification System ◽

Traffic Network ◽

Trajectory Data ◽

Maritime Traffic ◽

Maritime Silk Road

Maritime traffic can reflect the diverse and complex relations between countries and regions, such as economic trade and geopolitics. Based on the AIS (Automatic Identification System) trajectory data of ships, this study constructs the Maritime Silk Road traffic network. In this study, we used a complex network theory along with social network analysis and network flow analysis to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of maritime traffic flow of the Maritime Silk Road; further, we empirically demonstrate the traffic inequality in the route. On this basis, we explore the role of the country in the maritime traffic system and the resulting traffic relations. There are three main results of this study. (1) The inequality in the maritime traffic of the Maritime Silk Road has led to obvious regional differences. Europe, west Asia, northeast Asia, and southeast Asia are the dominant regions of the Maritime Silk Road. (2) Different countries play different maritime traffic roles. Italy, Singapore, and China are the core countries in the maritime traffic network of the Maritime Silk Road; Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, and Israel have built a structure of maritime traffic flow in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, and Saudi Arabia serves as a bridge for maritime trade between Asia and Europe. (3) The maritime traffic relations show the characteristics of regionalization; countries in west Asia and the European Mediterranean region are clearly polarized, and competition–synergy relations have become the main form of maritime traffic relations among the countries in the dominant regions. Our results can provide a scientific reference for the coordinated development of regional shipping, improvement of maritime competition, cooperation strategies for countries, and adjustments in the organizational structure of ports along the Maritime Silk Road.

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Analyzing Interactions between Japanese Ports and the Maritime Silk Road Based on Complex Networks

Complexity ◽

10.1155/2020/3769307 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Zhi-Hua Hu ◽

Chan-Juan Liu ◽

Paul Tae-Woo Lee

Keyword(s):

Network Analysis ◽

Large Scale ◽

Silk Road ◽

Automatic Identification ◽

Identification System ◽

Belt And Road Initiative ◽

Connectivity Analysis ◽

Maritime Silk Road ◽

Maritime Networks ◽

Belt And Road

This article considers how the Japanese ports interact with the ports of China and along the 21st century Maritime Silk Road (MSR) while they are embedded in the global port network, especially in the context of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. At a port level, it primarily uses connectivity analysis to analyze the port relations and significances in the maritime network. In contrast, at the network level, it applies the methods from network sciences to analyze the significances of these maritime networks and the interactions among the maritime networks of Japan, China, and MSR. This article extracts a large-scale maritime network from ports and vessels’ profiles and data of vessels’ Automatic Identification System (AIS). It then examines the relations among the networks (including Japan, China, MSR, and global ports) after defining the maritime networks, network generation schemes, and port network analysis tools. Based on the analysis results and findings, this study draws some implications for regional ports and shipping development and the global supply network.

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Massive Automatic Identification System Sensor Trajectory Data-Based Multi-Layer Linkage Network Dynamics of Maritime Transport along 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19194197 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (19) ◽

pp. 4197 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hongchu Yu ◽

Zhixiang Fang ◽

Feng Lu ◽

Alan T. Murray ◽

Zhiyuan Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Traffic Flow ◽

21St Century ◽

Network Structure ◽

Network Dynamics ◽

Silk Road ◽

Automatic Identification ◽

Identification System ◽

Trajectory Data ◽

Automatic Identification System ◽

Maritime Silk Road

Automatic Identification System (AIS) data could support ship movement analysis, and maritime network construction and dynamic analysis. This study examines the global maritime network dynamics from multi-layers (bulk, container, and tanker) and multidimensional (e.g., point, link, and network) structure perspectives. A spatial-temporal framework is introduced to construct and analyze the global maritime transportation network dynamics by means of big trajectory data. Transport capacity and stability are exploited to infer spatial-temporal dynamics of system nodes and links. Maritime network structure changes and traffic flow dynamics grouping are then possible to extract. This enables the global maritime network between 2013 and 2016 to be investigated, and the differences between the countries along the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road and other countries, as well as the differences between before and after included by 21st-century Maritime Silk Road to be revealed. Study results indicate that certain countries, such as China, Singapore, Republic of Korea, Australia, and United Arab Emirates, build new corresponding shipping relationships with some ports of countries along the Silk Road and these new linkages carry significant traffic flow. The shipping dynamics exhibit interesting geographical and spatial variations. This study is meaningful to policy formulation, such as cooperation and reorientation among international ports, evaluating the adaptability of a changing traffic flow and navigation environment, and integration of the maritime economy and transportation systems.

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Developing and Implementing a Port Fluidity Performance Measurement Methodology using Automatic Identification System Data

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.1177/0361198118796353 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2672 (11) ◽

pp. 30-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

C. James Kruse ◽

Kenneth N. Mitchell ◽

Patricia K. DiJoseph ◽

Dong Hun Kang ◽

David L. Schrank ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Travel Time ◽

Performance Measures ◽

Automatic Identification ◽

Identification System ◽

Army Corps ◽

Supply Chain Performance ◽

Travel Time Reliability ◽

Automatic Identification System ◽

The U.S

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is responsible for the maintenance of federally authorized navigation channels and associated infrastructure. As such, USACE requires objective performance measures for determining the level of service being provided by the hundreds of maintained navigation projects nationwide. To this end, the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center partnered with Texas A&M Transportation Institute to develop a freight fluidity assessment framework for coastal ports. The goal was to use archival automatic identification system (AIS) data to develop and demonstrate how ports can be objectively compared in relation to fluidity, or the turnaround time reliability of oceangoing vessels. The framework allows USACE to evaluate maintained navigation project conditions alongside port system performance indices, thereby providing insight into questions of required maintained channel dimensions. The freight fluidity concept focuses on supply chain performance measures such as travel time reliability and end-to-end shipping costs. Although there are numerous research efforts underway to implement freight fluidity, this is the first known application to U.S. ports. This paper covers AIS data inputs, quality control, and performance measures development, and also provides a demonstration application of the methodology at the Port of Mobile, Alabama, highlighting travel time and travel time reliability operating statistics for the overall port area. This work provides foundational knowledge to practitioners and port stakeholders looking to improve supply chain performance and is also valuable for researchers interested in the development and application of multimodal freight fluidity performance measures.

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Prediction of CO2 Emitted by Marine Transport in Batam-Singapore Channel using AIS

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v69.3275 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 69 (7) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. Rashidi ◽

Jaswar Koto

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Co2 Emission ◽

Environmental Damage ◽

Automatic Identification ◽

Identification System ◽

World Community ◽

Marine Transport ◽

Entire World ◽

Straits Of Malacca ◽

Strait Of Malacca

Global warming and air pollution have become one of the important issues to the entire world community. Exhaust emissions from ships has been contributing to the health problems and environmental damage. This study focuses on the Strait of Malacca area because it is one of the world’s most congested straits used for international shipping where located on the border among three countries of Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. This study will predict CO2 emission from the marine transport. This is accomplished by developed a ship database in the Straits of Malacca by using the data which obtained from Automatic Identification System (AIS). From the database, MEET methodology is used to estimate the CO2 emission from ships.

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Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS®) Supports Marine Operations: A Look from the U.S. Coast Guard

Marine Technology Society Journal ◽

10.4031/mtsj.44.6.22 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 44 (6) ◽

pp. 156-165 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jonathan M. Berkson ◽

Arthur A. Allen ◽

Donald L. Murphy ◽

Kenneth J. Boda

Keyword(s):

Data Acquisition ◽

Coast Guard ◽

The Arctic ◽

Automatic Identification ◽

Identification System ◽

Real Time System ◽

The North ◽

Ocean Observations ◽

Ocean Observing ◽

The U.S

AbstractThe U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) is primarily a user of ocean observations but is also a provider of observations—especially in high-latitude regions. USCG has a long history of making ocean observations for mission activities and in support of other federal agencies. USCG uses the Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS®) to understand maritime conditions while conducting the Coast Guard’s roles of Maritime Safety, Maritime Security, and Maritime Stewardship. IOOS data are critical in planning search and rescue operations, ensuring safe navigation at high latitudes, responding to oil and hazardous spills, providing vessel traffic services, and maintaining maritime domain awareness (MDA). The International Ice Patrol makes and uses ocean observations to estimate drift and deterioration of icebergs. The North American Ice Service products are needed in polar and domestic ice operations. The National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration and the USCG are developing a way to disseminate the Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System data via the USCG Automatic Identification System. The Coast Guard provides personnel and vessel support for the National Data Buoy Center observational program, a component of the IOOS. Many key oceanographic, biologic, and geologic discoveries in the Arctic and Antarctic have been made from Coast Guard cutters. As oceanographic data acquisition moves from vessel observations to satellite remote sensing and unmanned in situ data acquisition systems, the USCG will continue to support this effort.

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