No One Is Leaving This Time: Appraisal of Awareness and Knowledge of Port Health Officers on International Health Regulation IHR (2005)

Background: Historically, ships have played an important role in transmitting infectious diseases around the world. The spread of cholera pandemics in the 19th century was thought to be linked to trade routes and facilitated by merchant shipping. The international maritime traffic of people and goods has often contributed to the spread of pathogens affecting public health. Objectives: To assess level of awareness and knowledge of international Health regulation (IHR 2005) content among port health officer Methods: The study design was descriptive cross-sectional evaluation, questionnaires were used to capture the respondents knowledge, awareness and sanitary condition of ship in accordance with (IHR 2005) Results: On awareness and knowledge, Majority of the respondent (77.1%) demonstrate good awareness of the IHR (2005), while 22.9% had not and some even testified of hearing the said document for the first time. Despite the fact that majority of respondent were aware but only 24.6% of them can actually demonstrate good knowledge of IHR (2005) and its intent to protect and prevent spread of disease along the international route. Conclusion: There is need to improve the knowledge of port health officers by expand training and guidance on application of the IHRs to frontline officer at point of entries. Also ensure more thorough inspection and avoid influence of ship agent during inspection of ship.

Extracting the Maritime Traffic Route in Korea Based on Probabilistic Approach Using Automatic Identification System Big Data

To protect the environment around the world, we are actively developing ecofriendly energy. Offshore wind farm generation installed in the sea is extremely large among various energies, and friction with ships occurs regularly. Other than the traffic designated area and the traffic separate scheme, traffic routes in other sea areas are not protected in Korea. Furthermore, due to increased cargo volume and ship size, there is a risk of collisions with marine facilities and marine pollution. In this study, maritime safety traffic routes that must be preserved are created to ensure the safety of maritime traffic and to prevent accidents with ecofriendly energy projects. To construct maritime traffic routes, the analysis area is divided, and ships are classified using big data. These data are used to estimate density, and 50% maritime traffic is chosen. This result is obtained by categorizing the main route, inner branch route, and outer branch route. The Korean maritime traffic route is constructed, and the width of the route is indicated. Furthermore, this route can be applied as a navigation route for maritime autonomous surface ships.

Characteristics of the Wind and Wave Climate along the European Seas Focusing on the Main Maritime Routes

European seas have a strong economic role both in terms of transport and tourism. Providing more knowledge, regarding the mean and extreme values of the wind and sea state conditions in the areas characterized by high maritime traffic, helps to improve navigational safety. From this perspective, six zones with high maritime traffic are studied. ERA5 database, a state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset provided by ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts), is used to assess the average values and the percentiles for the wind speed and the main wave parameters in the target areas considering the period 2001–2020. The main European routes and the extreme conditions along them as well as the areas characterized by high values of wind speed and high waves were also identified. A more comprehensive picture of the expected dynamics of the environmental matrix along the most significant shipping routes is useful because in this way the most dangerous areas could be avoided by ships for the safety of passengers and transported goods.

Analysis of accidents involved in touring/ sport/ recreational vessels and yachts in the Turkish search and rescue area

Our country is surrounded by seas on three sides; it is in an attractive position in terms of tourism due to its suitable climate and many history and cultures. Especially the stagnant structure of the Aegean and the Mediterranean allows sea tourism in almost four seasons; it is one of the routes preferred especially by yacht ships. In this respect, a maritime traffic arises due to touring, sports and recreational ships and yachts, and these ships occasionally cause accidents. In the study, marine accidents in the Turkish Search and Rescue Area involving touring, sports and recreational vessels and yachts are statistically analyzed. In this context, frequency distributions are carried out first and the hypotheses are examined by Chi-Square independence analysis.

Risk Coupling Characteristics of Maritime Accidents in Chinese Inland and Coastal Waters Based on N-K Model

The causes of maritime accidents are complex, mostly due to the coupling of four types of factors: human-ship-environmental-management. To effectively analyze the causes of maritime accidents in China, and reveal the risk coupling characteristics of accidents, this paper establishes the N-K model of maritime accident, and calculates and analyzes the four types of coupling of risk factors affecting safety in maritime traffic. This paper collects 922 maritime accidents that occurred in China from 2000 to 2020, and analyzes the location, type, and level of accidents and uses the trigger principle to describe the process of accidents. For marine and inland river accidents, this paper calculates the four types of coupling values of risk factors (single-factor coupling, two-factor coupling, three-factor coupling, four-factor coupling) for comparison and analysis. In addition, this paper calculates the coupling values of six typical maritime accidents of collision, sinking, contact, fire/explosion, stranding, grounding. According to the coupling values and the frequency of sub-factors, this paper analyzes the coupling characteristics of maritime accidents. The results show that in maritime accidents, as the number of risk factors participating in the coupling increases, the coupling value increases, and the multi-factor coupling is more likely to cause accidents. The overall situation of risk coupling causes of maritime accidents is basically consistent with inland river accidents, but they have their own characteristics in the specific degree of risk coupling and the dominant risk elements. In different types of maritime accidents, the risk coupling has different characteristics, and the dominant risk factors are also different.

The distribution and relative abundance of the invasive Northern blue mussel, M. galloprovincialis, in New Zealand: management implications

<p>Biological invasions are a growing problem on a global scale, are capable of causing moderate to severe damage, and are most often associated with human activity. This is particularly true in the marine environment, where there are many well documented cases of non-indigenous species (NIS) spreading via maritime traffic or undergoing a range expansion associated with ocean temperatures continuing to increase. The blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, recognized a one of the most successful NIS globally, is one such species that is spreading in such ways. However, in the Southern hemisphere research over the past decade has shown that there are two lineages of M. galloprovincialis present, likely different species, one native to the Northern hemisphere and one native to the Southern hemisphere. In New Zealand, the Northern lineage of M. galloprovincialis (MgN) has successfully invaded and poses a unique threat to native biodiversity as there are higher rates of introgression with the native Southern lineage of M. galloprovincialis (MgS) than elsewhere in the Southern hemisphere. However, whether MgN is causing other ecological damage in New Zealand is still unknown. Therefore, the main objective of Chapter 2 is to provide a preliminary description of the distribution and relative abundance of MgN in New Zealand, and how abiotic factors may be influencing this invasion. Also, it was recently reported that M. galloprovincialis causes severe economic losses to the native greenshell mussel Perna canaliculus aquaculture industry. However, these reports did not differentiate between the native and invasive blue mussel lineages. The main objective of Chapter 3 then is to provide a description of the distribution and relative abundance of MgN in the Marlborough Sounds, the primary P. canaliculus aquaculture region in New Zealand. The results of Chapter 2 indicate that several abiotic factors significantly influence the relative abundance of MgN across New Zealand; and that intranational maritime traffic is a more important vector of spread than international maritime traffic. The results of Chapter 3 show that the relative abundance of MgN was approximately equal across aquaculture facility sites and adjacent shore sites, but that increased habitat space on the grow-lines of aquaculture facilities has resulted in significantly increased overall abundances of both MgN and MgS. This means that there is a much larger MgN population in this region than would be otherwise present due to the aquaculture facilities. Overall, these results indicate that human activity in New Zealand is significantly affecting the MgN invasion therein. These findings are important for both management purposes and for guiding future research.</p>