CURRENT CHALLENGES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDONESIA’S TRANSPORT SYSTEM

Indonesia is located on the archipelago, which consists of more than 17800 islands. This fact largely determined a structure of the transport system of the country. The Indonesian Central government's spending on transport has increased significantly in recent years (before 2020). This allowed the country to expand its transport network and improve access to remote areas of the archipelago. Maritime navigation provides a link between different parts of the country. On some islands, where there are no good roads, the main transport connection is via large rivers. The most important direction of the country's transport policy is the development of high-speed cargo and passenger sea connections with the most remote and inaccessible regions of the country, primarily with the Eastern part of Indonesia. A variety of vehicles are used on the roads of Indonesia. Bus routes are laid in all areas that have access to the road network. Since 2004, the TransJakarta rapid bus system has been operating in the country. Most of Indonesia's Railways are located in Java and are used for both passenger and freight transport. In March 2019, the Jakarta metro started operating. Indonesia's air transport is the most important means of communication between thousands of Islands throughout the archipelago and other countries. Many residents of the country have switched from land and sea transport to faster and more comfortable air transportation. Indonesia like other countries was severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-2021. Further development of transport depends on how quickly the country recovers from the COVID-19 pandemic and how effectively the authorities deal with its consequences.

DOES: A Deep Learning-Based Approach to Estimate Roll and Pitch at Sea

The use of Attitude and Heading Reference Systems (AHRS) for orientation estimation is now common practice in a wide range of applications, e.g., robotics and human motion tracking, aerial vehicles and aerospace, gaming and virtual reality, indoor pedestrian navigation and maritime navigation. The integration of the high-rate measurements can provide very accurate estimates, but these can suffer from errors accumulation due to the sensors drift over longer time scales. To overcome this issue, inertial sensors are typically combined with additional sensors and techniques. As an example, camera-based solutions have drawn a large attention by the community, thanks to their low-costs and easy hardware setup; moreover, impressive results have been demonstrated in the context of Deep Learning. This work presents the preliminary results obtained by DOES , a supportive Deep Learning method specifically designed for maritime navigation, which aims at improving the roll and pitch estimations obtained by common AHRS. DOES recovers these estimations through the analysis of the frames acquired by a low-cost camera pointing the horizon at sea. The training has been performed on the novel ROPIS dataset, presented in the context of this work, acquired using the FrameWO application developed for the scope. Promising results encourage to test other network backbones and to further expand the dataset, improving the accuracy of the results and the range of applications of the method.

Maritime navigational assistance by visual augmentation

Several types of equipment have been developed over the years to assist ship operators with their tasks. Nowadays, navigational equipment typically provides an enormous volume of information. Thus, there is a corresponding need for efficiency in how such information is presented to ship operators. Augmented reality (AR) systems are being investigated for such efficient presentation of typical navigational information. The present work is particularly interested in an AR architecture commonly referred as monitor augmented reality (MAR). In this context, the development of MAR systems is briefly summarised. The projection of three-dimensional elements into a camera scene is presented. Potential visual assets are proposed and exemplified with videos from a ship manoeuvring simulator and a real experiment. Enhanced scenes combining pertinent virtual elements are shown exemplifying potential assistance applications. The authors mean to contribute to the popularisation of MAR systems in maritime environments. Further research is suggested to define optimal combinations of visual elements for alternative maritime navigation scenarios. Note that there are still many challenges for the deployment of MAR tools in typical maritime operations.

Biosignal-Based Driving Skill Classification Using Machine Learning: A Case Study of Maritime Navigation

This work presents a novel approach to detecting stress differences between experts and novices in Situation Awareness (SA) tasks during maritime navigation using one type of wearable sensor, Empatica E4 Wristband. We propose that for a given workload state, the values of biosignal data collected from wearable sensor vary in experts and novices. We describe methods to conduct a designed SA task experiment, and collected the biosignal data on subjects sailing on a 240° view simulator. The biosignal data were analysed by using a machine learning algorithm, a Convolutional Neural Network. The proposed algorithm showed that the biosingal data associated with the experts can be categorized as different from that of the novices, which is in line with the results of NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) rating scores. This study can contribute to the development of a self-training system in maritime navigation in further studies.

Disquisición sobre el piloto en la Edad Moderna. Cielo y mar.

En este artículo nos adentramos en la figura del piloto en la Edad Moderna, etapa en donde transcurrió el paso del arte de navegar a la navegación astronómica científica. En donde el piloto fue una figura clave en la gran transformación que sufrió la navegación marítima en ese periodo tan importante de la historia de la ciencia, pasando en su profesión del conocimiento intuitivo, al empírico y finalmente al especulativo. Para ello, se abordan el estamento de procedencia, las competencias técnicas que debía reunir en el ejercicio de la profesión, así como su consideración técnica. Finalmente presentamos como el estamento social al que pertenecía, condicionó su desarrollo social, profesional y técnico. In this article, we examine the figure of the Piloto in the Modern Age, the period in which took place the swap from sailing as a flair to the scientific and astronomical navigation. At such a very important time in the history of science, The Piloto had an essential role in the great transformation suffered by maritime navigation. Navigational knowledge, formerly based on the intuition, moved first to the empiric knowledge and finally to the speculative, what implied a step forward in his career. To this end, in the abstract, it is tackled his initial social status, the technical capabilities he should hold to develop his job, as well as his technical consideration. Eventually, we show how the social condition which he belonged to, determined his social, professional and technical development.

Vocabulary Control in Nautical Information Resources

Nautical charts are an essential information resource for safe navigation. However, they are not only a useful resource for navigators; According to the International Hydrological Organization (IHO), they essentially fulfill two functions: 1) Maritime navigation, since most hydrographic services have the obligation to provide coverage of the nautical charts of their national waters, in all coastal waters, including major ports and smaller marinas of purely local interest. and 2) as a source of information, since national nautical charts present a detailed configuration of the seabed. Information on the shape of the seabed is required by a diversity of users in addition to navigators; for example, engineers interested in onshore construction, dredging contractors, oceanographers, defense agencies, coastal zone managers, etc. Traditionally, there are three essential elements that play an important role in information retrieval: title, author, and subject access point. Among the latter, one can distinguish indexing by natural language and by controlled vocabularies. The thematic access points, makes it easier for the user to search and retrieve all types of resources that satisfy their information needs. Traditionally in the processing of nautical charts the natural language is used predominantly, motivated by a lack of availability of a controlled vocabulary specific to the área in Spanish. The objective of this work is aimed at establishing the criteria for the construction of a controlled vocabulary in Spanish in the field of nautical charts.

Considerations Regarding Pollution Caused by Ships in the Romanian Danube Sector

In this paper we present the current situation related to the legislative framework on the definition of generated waste by ships in the field of maritime navigation and inland waterway navigation, their management on board ships, handover to port facilities and results in the development of proposals to support participants in the shipping activity in the field of pollution prevention of the Romanian Danube sector. The purpose of the paper is to contribute to the improvement of the current measures that are applied in the field of prevention of pollution of the Romanian Danube sector by ships.